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{
"originality_contribution_score": 4,
"critical_remarks": [
{
"category": "novelty",
"location": "Abstract and Introduction",
"issue": "While the study claims to test real-time, specific, and actionable product swap recommendations in an experimental online supermarket, the core concept of product swaps and their potential for reducing GHGE has been explored previously in simulation studies and some field experiments. The novelty of the approach is somewhat limited by the reliance on existing literature and the absence of a truly innovative intervention mechanism.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This affects the perceived originality of the research, potentially positioning it as incremental rather than groundbreaking."
},
{
"category": "contribution",
"location": "Discussion and Conclusion",
"issue": "The paper emphasizes that simple, specific product swaps are sufficient for most consumers but relies heavily on the online experimental setting without demonstrating long-term or real-world applicability. The contribution to practical implementation remains somewhat limited without field validation.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "This limits the strength of the contribution claim, as it remains largely theoretical and experimental, reducing confidence in real-world impact."
},
{
"category": "verification",
"location": "Results and Methods",
"issue": "The authors claim that targeted recommendations increased the uptake of the most effective swap but did not significantly lower overall GHGE, which questions the effectiveness of the claimed novelty. The verification of claims about the impact of GHGE information on high meat consumers is based on post hoc exploratory analyses, not pre-registered hypotheses.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "This undermines the robustness of the claimed verification of the intervention's effectiveness, raising concerns about potential biases or overinterpretation."
},
{
"category": "comparison",
"location": "Introduction and Discussion",
"issue": "The manuscript references prior simulation studies and some field work but lacks a detailed, critical comparison with existing real-world interventions or digital nudges in food retail environments, making it difficult to position its novelty relative to current practices.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This limits the clarity of the paper's unique contribution and how it advances beyond existing research."
},
{
"category": "advancement",
"location": "Discussion",
"issue": "The study claims to advance knowledge by demonstrating the effectiveness of real-time, specific product swaps, yet the actual impact on overall GHGE is modest and not significantly different across conditions. The long-term or behavioral sustainability implications are not addressed.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This constrains the perceived advancement of knowledge, as the findings are primarily short-term and experimental."
}
],
"improvement_suggestions": [
{
"original_text": "While prior research has focused on simulating the impact of targeted dietary changes, there is limited evidence on whether consumers will adopt such changes when presented with targeted recommendations.",
"improved_version": "Expand the discussion to explicitly acknowledge existing field and intervention studies that have tested product swaps or nudges in real retail environments, clarifying how this study uniquely contributes or differs.",
"explanation": "This clarifies the novelty by positioning the study within the current landscape and highlighting its specific experimental design or intervention features.",
"location": "Introduction",
"category": "novelty",
"focus": "comparison"
},
{
"original_text": "Participants demonstrated a general willingness to engage with product swap recommendations.",
"improved_version": "Include a detailed comparison of engagement levels observed in this study with those reported in previous online or field interventions, emphasizing what is novel about the specific online supermarket setup.",
"explanation": "This contextualizes the contribution and clarifies how the experimental environment advances understanding of consumer engagement.",
"location": "Results",
"category": "contribution",
"focus": "advancement"
},
{
"original_text": "The regression analysis did not reveal any statistically significant effects of the Targeted or Information treatments on GHGE reduction compared to the reference group.",
"improved_version": "Discuss potential reasons for the null effects, such as the high baseline reduction, multiple swaps diluting the impact, or the experimental setting, and suggest how future studies could address these limitations to demonstrate clearer effects.",
"explanation": "This enhances verification and contribution by critically analyzing the findings and proposing pathways for further validation.",
"location": "Results",
"category": "verification",
"focus": "advancement"
},
{
"original_text": "Our study focused exclusively on GHGE, without incorporating other environmental considerations such as water use or biodiversity impact.",
"improved_version": "Propose integrating multi-criteria environmental impact assessments in future research to broaden the contribution and demonstrate how the intervention could be more comprehensive and impactful.",
"explanation": "This expands the scope and contribution, aligning with current calls for holistic sustainability assessments.",
"location": "Discussion",
"category": "advancement",
"focus": "advancement"
},
{
"original_text": "Our sample was restricted to German-speaking, non-vegan/non-vegetarian participants, and was over-represented by young male participants, limiting generalizability.",
"improved_version": "Add a discussion on how future research could validate these findings in more diverse populations, including different cultural contexts, dietary restrictions, and demographic groups, to enhance the generalizability and impact.",
"explanation": "This improves the contribution by outlining clear steps for extending the research's applicability and impact.",
"location": "Discussion",
"category": "contribution",
"focus": "advancement"
},
{
"original_text": "The intervention relied on a static list of swaps from animal-based to plant-based products, without considering nutritional or cultural preferences.",
"improved_version": "Suggest developing adaptive, personalized swap recommendations that incorporate nutritional and cultural preferences, which could significantly enhance real-world applicability and effectiveness.",
"explanation": "This enhances the novelty and contribution by proposing innovative, personalized intervention strategies.",
"location": "Discussion",
"category": "novelty",
"focus": "advancement"
},
{
"original_text": "The study's impact on actual long-term behavior change remains uncertain.",
"improved_version": "Recommend designing longitudinal or field studies to assess the sustainability of behavior change induced by product swaps, thereby strengthening the evidence for long-term advancement.",
"explanation": "This directly addresses the knowledge gap and enhances the study's contribution to understanding behavioral sustainability.",
"location": "Discussion",
"category": "advancement",
"focus": "advancement"
},
{
"original_text": "The effect of providing GHGE reduction information was only significant among high meat consumers in exploratory analyses.",
"improved_version": "Frame this finding as a key insight into targeted intervention strategies, emphasizing how future research can refine messaging for high-impact groups, thus advancing the field's understanding of tailored approaches.",
"explanation": "This clarifies the contribution and suggests practical pathways for future research, enhancing the paper's impact.",
"location": "Discussion",
"category": "contribution",
"focus": "advancement"
},
{
"original_text": "Our intervention is simple and scalable but requires access to reliable environmental impact data.",
"improved_version": "Discuss potential technological or policy innovations that could facilitate data access, and propose how integrating such data into retail platforms could further scale and enhance the intervention's impact.",
"explanation": "This broadens the contribution by linking technological solutions to practical scalability and real-world implementation.",
"location": "Discussion",
"category": "advancement",
"focus": "advancement"
},
{
"original_text": "The study demonstrates that specific and actionable product swaps can promote climate-friendly choices.",
"improved_version": "Include a comparative analysis of the magnitude of GHGE reductions achieved relative to other interventions, thereby positioning the contribution within the broader landscape of sustainable food policies.",
"explanation": "This contextualizes the contribution and clarifies its significance relative to existing strategies.",
"location": "Conclusion",
"category": "contribution",
"focus": "comparison"
}
],
"detailed_feedback": {
"novelty_assessment": "The research advances the field by applying a real-time, online supermarket experiment to test the effectiveness of specific, actionable product swap recommendations combined with GHGE information. While the concept of product swaps and nudges has been explored previously, especially in simulation studies, this work's experimental design and focus on delivery at the point of decision-making in a realistic online environment provide a meaningful, though incremental, contribution. The novelty lies in the integration of targeted and informational interventions within a controlled, incentive-compatible setting, but it does not fundamentally challenge existing paradigms.",
"contribution_analysis": "The study contributes valuable empirical evidence that simple, specific product swaps are highly accepted and can lead to significant GHGE reductions for most consumers. It also highlights that targeted recommendations increase the adoption of the most effective swaps, and that GHGE information notably influences high meat consumers. These insights inform practical retail strategies and behavioral interventions, especially for high-impact groups. However, the overall impact on total GHGE remains modest, and the long-term behavioral effects are yet to be demonstrated, limiting the scope of contribution.",
"verification_status": "The claims regarding the effectiveness of targeted recommendations and GHGE information are supported by the experimental data, but the null findings on overall GHGE reduction suggest that the intervention's impact may be limited or diluted when multiple swaps are accepted. The exploratory analyses provide promising signals about the potential of GHGE information among high meat consumers, but these are post hoc and not pre-registered, reducing the robustness of verification. Future studies should aim for confirmatory designs and longer-term assessments.",
"comparative_analysis": "The manuscript references prior simulation work and some field experiments but lacks a detailed comparison with existing real-world interventions or digital nudges in retail settings. Incorporating such comparisons would better position the study's novelty and clarify how it advances current practices. Without this, the work risks being perceived as an incremental step rather than a significant innovation.",
"advancement_evaluation": "The research advances understanding of consumer responses to specific, actionable product swaps in a controlled online environment, demonstrating feasibility and acceptance. It also suggests that simple swaps can produce meaningful GHGE reductions, which is a practical insight for retail implementation. Nonetheless, the modest effect sizes and lack of long-term data mean that the knowledge gain is primarily incremental, emphasizing the need for further research to establish sustained behavioral change and broader environmental impacts."
},
"summary": "This study offers a valuable experimental contribution by demonstrating that real-time, specific product swap recommendations can effectively promote climate-friendly food choices in an online shopping context. Its strengths lie in the realistic setup, incentive compatibility, and focus on actionable interventions. However, the novelty is somewhat limited by reliance on existing simulation findings, and the impact on overall GHGE is modest. The findings regarding high meat consumers and the role of GHGE information are promising but require further validation through longitudinal and field studies. Overall, the research makes a solid, incremental contribution to the field of sustainable food choice interventions, with clear pathways for future enhancement and real-world application."
}

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{
"impact_significance_score": 4,
"critical_remarks": [
{
"category": "field_influence",
"location": "Abstract and Introduction",
"issue": "While the study demonstrates promising results for specific product swap recommendations, the experimental setting's artificial nature and limited demographic scope may restrict the generalizability of findings to real-world diverse populations.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This limits the immediate influence of the research on broad dietary and environmental policy changes, as real-world consumer behaviors may differ."
},
{
"category": "implications",
"location": "Discussion",
"issue": "The study emphasizes the importance of targeted interventions but does not sufficiently address potential long-term sustainability or behavioral habituation effects, which are critical for policy and practical applications.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "This oversight could overstate the practical significance of the findings without understanding durability over time."
},
{
"category": "future_research",
"location": "Methodology and Results",
"issue": "The exploratory subgroup analyses on daily meat consumers, while insightful, are post hoc and not preregistered, which raises concerns about potential bias and reduces confidence in these specific conclusions.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "This diminishes the strength of the evidence for targeted strategies among high-impact consumers, necessitating further confirmatory studies."
},
{
"category": "applications",
"location": "Discussion and Conclusion",
"issue": "The intervention relies heavily on online, digital interfaces and assumes consumer access and literacy, which may not translate directly to offline or lower-income populations with limited digital access.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This restricts the immediate scalability and applicability of the intervention in diverse retail environments."
},
{
"category": "policy",
"location": "Conclusion",
"issue": "The study advocates for simple product swaps but does not sufficiently consider regulatory or supply chain constraints that could hinder the widespread implementation of such recommendations.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This could delay or complicate policy adoption and retail integration of the proposed strategies."
}
],
"improvement_suggestions": [
{
"original_text": "While prior research has focused on simulating the impact of targeted dietary changes, there is limited evidence on whether consumers will adopt such changes when presented with targeted recommendations.",
"improved_version": "Enhance the discussion by explicitly acknowledging the need for longitudinal, real-world studies to validate whether consumers adopt targeted recommendations outside experimental settings.",
"explanation": "This clarifies the current evidence gap and emphasizes the importance of future validation, strengthening the research's practical impact.",
"location": "Introduction",
"category": "future_research",
"focus": "future_research"
},
{
"original_text": "Participants demonstrated a general willingness to engage with product swap recommendations.",
"improved_version": "Include a detailed analysis of potential barriers to sustained engagement, such as taste preferences, cultural factors, and economic constraints, to provide a more comprehensive understanding of real-world applicability.",
"explanation": "Addressing barriers enhances the relevance of findings for policy and practical implementation, making recommendations more actionable.",
"location": "Results",
"category": "applications",
"focus": "applications"
},
{
"original_text": "The study focused exclusively on GHGE, without incorporating other environmental considerations such as water use or biodiversity impact.",
"improved_version": "Expand the scope to include multiple environmental impact metrics, such as water footprint and biodiversity, to provide a holistic assessment of sustainability benefits.",
"explanation": "This broadens the significance of the findings, making them more compelling for policy and retail strategies aiming for comprehensive sustainability.",
"location": "Discussion",
"category": "implications",
"focus": "implications"
},
{
"original_text": "Our sample was restricted to German-speaking, non-vegan/non-vegetarian participants, and was over-represented by young male participants, limiting generalizability.",
"improved_version": "Recommend future studies with more diverse, representative samples across different demographics, cultures, and dietary patterns to enhance external validity.",
"explanation": "This improves the research's impact by guiding subsequent research to strengthen the evidence base for varied populations.",
"location": "Methodology",
"category": "future_research",
"focus": "future_research"
},
{
"original_text": "Providing consumers with information about the environmental impact of their food choices is a key intervention.",
"improved_version": "Integrate behavioral nudges, social norm messaging, and financial incentives alongside informational strategies to evaluate synergistic effects on behavior change.",
"explanation": "This enhances practical applications and policy relevance by exploring multi-faceted intervention approaches.",
"location": "Discussion",
"category": "applications",
"focus": "applications"
},
{
"original_text": "The intervention relies on access to reliable environmental impact data, which can be difficult to obtain and verify.",
"improved_version": "Develop standardized, transparent, and publicly accessible environmental impact labeling systems to facilitate scalable implementation.",
"explanation": "This directly addresses policy and practical barriers, making the intervention more feasible at scale.",
"location": "Applications",
"category": "policy",
"focus": "policy"
},
{
"original_text": "The study demonstrates that providing consumers with specific and actionable product swap recommendations is effective.",
"improved_version": "Add a discussion on how integrating these recommendations into existing retail platforms and mobile apps can maximize reach and long-term engagement.",
"explanation": "This links the findings to scalable, real-world applications, boosting their policy and industry relevance.",
"location": "Conclusion",
"category": "applications",
"focus": "applications"
},
{
"original_text": "Targeted recommendations did not significantly impact overall GHGE reduction but increased the uptake of the most effective swap.",
"improved_version": "Suggest future research to optimize the presentation and framing of targeted recommendations to enhance their influence on total GHGE reduction over time.",
"explanation": "This guides future research to refine intervention design for greater impact, increasing the significance of the findings.",
"location": "Discussion",
"category": "future_research",
"focus": "future_research"
},
{
"original_text": "The high engagement might be driven by a novelty effect, which could diminish over time.",
"improved_version": "Propose longitudinal field studies to assess the durability of intervention effects and potential habituation or fatigue effects.",
"explanation": "This emphasizes the importance of understanding long-term sustainability, crucial for policy and practical adoption.",
"location": "Discussion",
"category": "future_research",
"focus": "future_research"
},
{
"original_text": "The intervention's success depends on consumer digital literacy and access.",
"improved_version": "Recommend designing offline or hybrid intervention strategies, such as in-store prompts or printed materials, to reach populations with limited digital access.",
"explanation": "This broadens the applicability and policy relevance of the intervention, ensuring inclusivity.",
"location": "Applications",
"category": "applications",
"focus": "applications"
},
{
"original_text": "The study did not account for nutritional aspects of the swaps.",
"improved_version": "Incorporate nutritional quality assessments into swap recommendations to ensure healthfulness alongside environmental benefits.",
"explanation": "This enhances the practical and policy impact by aligning sustainability with health, increasing consumer acceptance.",
"location": "Discussion",
"category": "applications",
"focus": "applications"
},
{
"original_text": "The findings are based on an experimental online environment, which may differ from real-world shopping behavior.",
"improved_version": "Encourage subsequent field trials in actual retail settings to validate and extend the experimental findings.",
"explanation": "This strengthens the research's real-world relevance and policy impact.",
"location": "Conclusion",
"category": "future_research",
"focus": "future_research"
}
],
"detailed_feedback": {
"field_influence": "This research advances the understanding of how specific, actionable product swap recommendations can influence consumer behavior in a controlled online environment, highlighting potential pathways for scalable interventions in retail settings. However, the artificial nature of the experiment and demographic limitations suggest caution in extrapolating these findings broadly without further validation.",
"broader_implications": "The study underscores that simple, targeted interventions can significantly reduce household food-related GHGE, offering a practical approach for retailers and policymakers. Integrating environmental impact data into consumer decision-making could catalyze shifts towards more sustainable diets, but long-term effects and inclusivity remain to be addressed.",
"future_research_impact": "Future studies should focus on longitudinal, real-world trials across diverse populations to assess the durability of behavior change. Investigating multi-component interventions and integrating nutritional and socio-cultural factors will be essential to develop comprehensive strategies for sustainable food systems.",
"practical_applications": "The findings support implementing real-time, specific product swap prompts in online and physical retail environments. Developing standardized impact labeling and integrating these strategies into existing digital platforms can facilitate widespread adoption. Tailoring interventions for high-impact consumers, such as daily meat eaters, using environmental information, shows promise for maximizing environmental benefits.",
"policy_implications": "Policymakers could promote transparency in environmental impact data and incentivize retailers to incorporate such information into shopping interfaces. Regulations supporting standardized sustainability labels and incentivizing product reformulation could enhance the scalability and effectiveness of these interventions, contributing to climate targets."
},
"summary": "This study offers valuable insights into the potential of targeted, specific product swap recommendations to promote sustainable food choices, especially among high-impact consumers. While the experimental results are promising, addressing limitations related to generalizability, long-term effects, and multi-dimensional sustainability considerations will be crucial for translating these findings into effective policies and scalable retail strategies. Overall, the research significantly contributes to the field but requires further validation and expansion to maximize its real-world impact."
}

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{
"ethics_compliance_score": 4,
"critical_remarks": [
{
"category": "conflicts",
"location": "Author Contributions & Competing Interests section",
"issue": "While the authors declare no competing interests, the study involves environmental impact data and consumer behaviour, which could be influenced by commercial interests of retailers or environmental organizations. The absence of explicit disclosure of funding sources related to industry or advocacy groups may obscure potential conflicts.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This could raise concerns about potential bias in the presentation or interpretation of results, affecting research objectivity."
},
{
"category": "privacy",
"location": "Data collection and participant recruitment sections",
"issue": "Participants' demographic data and food preferences were collected via online panels, but explicit details on data anonymization, storage, and protection protocols are limited.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Insufficient privacy measures may compromise participant confidentiality, reducing trust and compliance with data protection standards."
},
{
"category": "consent",
"location": "Methodology section, paragraph 2.1",
"issue": "The description indicates participants were informed about the shopping task and incentives, but lacks explicit mention of detailed informed consent procedures, including information about data use, withdrawal rights, and confidentiality.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This omission could undermine participants' understanding of their rights and the ethical validity of consent, risking non-compliance with ethical standards."
},
{
"category": "integrity",
"location": "Results and analysis sections",
"issue": "The study includes exploratory analyses on subgroups (daily meat consumers), which are post hoc and not preregistered, potentially increasing the risk of data dredging or selective reporting.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "This may compromise research integrity by presenting findings that are not hypothesis-driven, risking misinterpretation or overstatement of effects."
},
{
"category": "guidelines",
"location": "General sections, throughout the manuscript",
"issue": "While the study was approved by the University of Zurich Ethics Committee and preregistered, there is limited discussion of adherence to international ethical guidelines such as the Declaration of Helsinki or GDPR compliance for data handling.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "Lack of explicit alignment with established ethical frameworks could affect the perceived ethical rigor of the research."
}
],
"improvement_suggestions": [
{
"original_text": "The study was approved by the University of Zurich Ethics Commission.",
"improved_version": "The study received ethical approval from the University of Zurich Ethics Committee, which reviewed and confirmed compliance with international ethical standards such as the Declaration of Helsinki and GDPR for data privacy.",
"explanation": "Explicitly stating adherence to recognized ethical guidelines enhances transparency and demonstrates comprehensive ethical compliance.",
"location": "Introduction, paragraph 2.1",
"category": "guidelines",
"focus": "guidelines"
},
{
"original_text": "Participants were recruited via online panels managed by Prolific.",
"improved_version": "Participants were recruited through Prolific, with detailed information provided about data privacy, confidentiality, and voluntary participation, ensuring informed consent aligned with GDPR standards.",
"explanation": "Clarifying consent procedures and data privacy measures ensures ethical transparency and participant rights are protected.",
"location": "Methodology, paragraph 2.2",
"category": "consent",
"focus": "consent"
},
{
"original_text": "The impact assessment for GHG emissions was derived from the Global Warming Potential (GWP) 100a.",
"improved_version": "The GHG impact assessment was conducted in accordance with international standards, including transparency about data sources, assumptions, and potential conflicts of interest in environmental data sourcing.",
"explanation": "Transparency about data sources and potential conflicts supports research integrity and trustworthiness.",
"location": "Methodology, paragraph 2.1",
"category": "integrity",
"focus": "integrity"
},
{
"original_text": "The study was preregistered and incentive compatible.",
"improved_version": "The study was preregistered on the Open Science Framework, with detailed protocols on ethical procedures, and participation was voluntary with explicit informed consent, including rights to withdraw at any time without penalty.",
"explanation": "Explicitly linking preregistration and consent procedures emphasizes adherence to research standards and participant autonomy.",
"location": "Methodology, paragraph 2.1",
"category": "consent",
"focus": "consent"
},
{
"original_text": "Participants\u2019 demographic data and food preferences were collected, but explicit details on data anonymization are limited.",
"improved_version": "All participant data were anonymized and stored securely in compliance with GDPR, with access restricted to authorized personnel, and data handling procedures documented in the ethics approval documentation.",
"explanation": "Explicit privacy measures ensure data protection and compliance with legal standards, fostering trust.",
"location": "Data collection, paragraph 2.2",
"category": "privacy",
"focus": "privacy"
},
{
"original_text": "Post hoc analyses on subgroups were conducted, which are exploratory.",
"improved_version": "All analyses, including subgroup explorations, were transparently labeled as exploratory and interpreted cautiously, with plans for future preregistered confirmatory studies to validate these findings.",
"explanation": "Clarifying the exploratory nature preserves research integrity and prevents overinterpretation.",
"location": "Results and discussion sections",
"category": "integrity",
"focus": "integrity"
},
{
"original_text": "The intervention involved product swap recommendations with environmental impact data.",
"improved_version": "The intervention included detailed information on the environmental impact of food choices, with data sourced from validated LCAs, and participants were informed about the data's limitations and potential conflicts of interest.",
"explanation": "Transparency about data sources and limitations aligns with ethical standards and supports informed decision-making.",
"location": "Methodology, paragraph 2.3",
"category": "guidelines",
"focus": "guidelines"
},
{
"original_text": "The study involved online simulated shopping with incentives.",
"improved_version": "Participants provided informed consent after receiving comprehensive information about the study purpose, data handling, potential risks, and their right to withdraw, in accordance with ethical guidelines and GDPR.",
"explanation": "Explicit consent procedures ensure ethical compliance and respect for participant autonomy.",
"location": "Methodology, paragraph 2.1",
"category": "consent",
"focus": "consent"
},
{
"original_text": "The authors declare no competing interests.",
"improved_version": "The authors declare no financial or personal conflicts of interest related to the environmental impact data sources, retail partnerships, or funding bodies, which are disclosed in detail in the funding statement.",
"explanation": "Explicit conflict of interest disclosure enhances transparency and trustworthiness.",
"location": "Author contributions & competing interests",
"category": "conflicts",
"focus": "conflicts"
},
{
"original_text": "The study's data and code are publicly available.",
"improved_version": "All data and analysis code are publicly available on the Open Science Framework, with appropriate anonymization and documentation to ensure participant confidentiality and reproducibility, in compliance with data protection standards.",
"explanation": "Ensuring data sharing aligns with ethical standards while protecting participant privacy.",
"location": "Data availability",
"category": "privacy",
"focus": "privacy"
},
{
"original_text": "The study discusses potential limitations but does not explicitly address long-term ethical implications.",
"improved_version": "The discussion includes considerations of long-term ethical implications, such as potential impacts on consumer autonomy, data privacy, and the risk of unintended behavioral consequences, with recommendations for ongoing ethical oversight in future implementations.",
"explanation": "Addressing broader ethical implications demonstrates comprehensive ethical awareness.",
"location": "Discussion section",
"category": "guidelines",
"focus": "guidelines"
}
],
"detailed_feedback": {
"conflicts_assessment": "The manuscript states that authors declare no competing interests, but it would benefit from explicit disclosure of funding sources, potential industry ties, or advocacy group influences related to environmental data or retail partnerships. This transparency is essential to assess potential biases and uphold research integrity.",
"privacy_compliance": "While participant recruitment and data collection are described, the manuscript lacks detailed procedures on data anonymization, secure storage, and compliance with GDPR. Explicitly stating these measures is crucial to ensure participant confidentiality and adherence to legal standards.",
"consent_procedures": "The methods mention informing participants about the shopping task and incentives but do not specify how informed consent was obtained, including details about data use, withdrawal rights, and confidentiality. Clear documentation of consent procedures is necessary for ethical compliance.",
"research_integrity": "The inclusion of post hoc exploratory analyses on subgroups, while informative, should be clearly labeled as exploratory and interpreted cautiously to prevent overstatement. Transparency about preregistration and analysis plans supports research integrity.",
"guidelines_adherence": "The study mentions ethics approval and preregistration but does not explicitly reference adherence to international ethical guidelines such as the Declaration of Helsinki or GDPR. Explicit acknowledgment of these standards would strengthen the ethical rigor of the research."
},
"summary": "Overall, the study demonstrates good adherence to research standards with ethical approval, preregistration, and transparent data sharing. However, it would benefit from more explicit disclosures regarding conflicts of interest, detailed privacy and consent procedures, and alignment with international ethical guidelines. Addressing these areas would elevate the ethical robustness and transparency of the research, aligning it with best practices in human subjects research."
}

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{
"data_code_availability_score": 4,
"critical_remarks": [
{
"category": "data_sharing",
"location": "Abstract: Data availability statement",
"issue": "The data availability statement states that all data are publicly available on OSF with a DOI link, but it lacks details on the specific datasets, formats, and any accompanying metadata or documentation necessary for reuse.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This limits immediate understanding and reuse of the data, reducing transparency and reproducibility."
},
{
"category": "code_availability",
"location": "Abstract: Code availability statement",
"issue": "The statement indicates all code is publicly available but provides no information about the programming languages, dependencies, or instructions for use.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This hampers reproducibility and ease of reuse by other researchers."
},
{
"category": "documentation",
"location": "Throughout the manuscript",
"issue": "There is no mention of comprehensive documentation, such as README files, code comments, or user guides accompanying the shared data and code repositories.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "Without proper documentation, users may struggle to understand or correctly utilize the shared resources, impairing transparency and reproducibility."
},
{
"category": "restrictions",
"location": "Abstract: Data and code availability statements",
"issue": "No justification is provided for any access restrictions or limitations, although the statements imply open access.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "Lack of justification may raise questions about data privacy or proprietary information, affecting trust."
},
{
"category": "reproducibility",
"location": "Methodology and supplementary materials",
"issue": "Details about the exact software environment, dependencies, and versioning are missing, which are critical for reproducing the analysis.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "This significantly hampers the ability of others to replicate the results accurately."
}
],
"improvement_suggestions": [
{
"original_text": "The data availability statement states that all data are publicly available on OSF with a DOI link.",
"improved_version": "Specify the exact datasets included, their formats (e.g., CSV, JSON), and any accompanying metadata or codebooks, e.g., 'All anonymized datasets, including raw survey responses, shopping basket data, and GHGE estimates, are available in CSV format with detailed metadata and codebooks on OSF at DOI: ...'.",
"explanation": "Providing detailed dataset descriptions facilitates understanding, reuse, and verification of data by other researchers.",
"location": "Abstract: Data availability statement",
"category": "data_sharing",
"focus": "data_sharing"
},
{
"original_text": "All code used in the analyses are publicly available on the OSF project page.",
"improved_version": "Include specifics about the code, such as programming language (e.g., R, Python), dependencies, and instructions for execution, e.g., 'All analysis scripts in R, along with necessary dependencies and environment setup instructions, are available at DOI: ...'.",
"explanation": "Clear instructions and environment details improve reproducibility and ease of reuse for other researchers.",
"location": "Abstract: Code availability statement",
"category": "code_availability",
"focus": "code_availability"
},
{
"original_text": "There is no mention of documentation accompanying shared resources.",
"improved_version": "Add a comprehensive README file in the repository that explains the data structure, code organization, dependencies, and step-by-step instructions for reproducing analyses.",
"explanation": "Good documentation ensures that users can understand and correctly utilize the shared data and code, enhancing transparency.",
"location": "data_code_availability",
"category": "documentation",
"focus": "documentation"
},
{
"original_text": "No justification is provided for access restrictions.",
"improved_version": "If any restrictions exist (e.g., privacy concerns), explicitly justify them, e.g., 'Data are anonymized to protect participant privacy, which restricts sharing of raw identifiable information.'",
"explanation": "Justifying restrictions maintains transparency and builds trust with users.",
"location": "Abstract: Data and code availability statements",
"category": "restrictions",
"focus": "restrictions"
},
{
"original_text": "Details about the software environment are missing.",
"improved_version": "Provide detailed environment specifications, such as R version, Python version, package versions, and environment setup instructions, e.g., via a Dockerfile or environment.yml file.",
"explanation": "This ensures others can replicate the computational environment precisely, supporting reproducibility.",
"location": "Methodology or supplementary materials",
"category": "reproducibility",
"focus": "reproducibility"
},
{
"original_text": "The manuscript lacks explicit mention of code comments or user guides.",
"improved_version": "Ensure that the shared code includes comprehensive inline comments and a user guide or README detailing how to run analyses, interpret outputs, and modify parameters.",
"explanation": "Enhanced documentation within code improves usability and reduces barriers to reproduction.",
"location": "code_documentation",
"category": "documentation"
},
{
"original_text": "The data and code repositories do not specify access controls or licensing.",
"improved_version": "Clearly state the licensing terms (e.g., CC BY, MIT License) and access permissions, e.g., 'Data and code are shared under the MIT License, allowing reuse with attribution.'",
"explanation": "Explicit licensing clarifies permissible uses and encourages responsible reuse.",
"location": "Abstract or repository README",
"category": "restrictions"
},
{
"original_text": "No mention of version control or updates.",
"improved_version": "Use version control tags or release versions in the repository, and document any updates or revisions to ensure transparency over time.",
"explanation": "Versioning supports reproducibility and tracking of changes.",
"location": "code repository",
"category": "reproducibility"
},
{
"original_text": "Lack of detailed methodological steps for data processing and analysis.",
"improved_version": "Publish detailed scripts or notebooks that document each step of data cleaning, processing, and analysis, ideally with inline comments and explanations.",
"explanation": "This enhances transparency and allows others to follow and verify the analysis pipeline.",
"location": "methodology",
"category": "documentation"
},
{
"original_text": "No explicit mention of data privacy or participant consent considerations related to data sharing.",
"improved_version": "Include a statement clarifying how participant privacy is protected, e.g., 'Data are anonymized and compliant with GDPR, enabling open sharing.'",
"explanation": "Addressing privacy concerns reassures users about ethical data sharing practices.",
"location": "data sharing",
"category": "restrictions"
},
{
"original_text": "The manuscript does not specify if code and data are maintained or updated post-publication.",
"improved_version": "State whether the resources will be maintained, updated, or versioned over time, e.g., 'The code repository will be maintained and updated as needed for reproducibility.'",
"explanation": "This supports ongoing transparency and usability.",
"location": "discussion or conclusion",
"category": "reproducibility"
}
],
"detailed_feedback": {
"data_sharing_assessment": "The manuscript indicates that all data are publicly available via OSF with a DOI, which is positive. However, it lacks detailed descriptions of the datasets, formats, and accompanying metadata necessary for effective reuse. Including comprehensive dataset descriptions, formats, and documentation would significantly improve transparency and usability.",
"code_availability": "The code is stated to be publicly available on OSF, but there is no information about the programming language, dependencies, or instructions for execution. Providing detailed environment setup instructions, versioning, and usage guides would enhance reproducibility.",
"documentation_completeness": "There is no mention of accompanying documentation such as README files, inline comments, or user guides. Adding comprehensive documentation would facilitate understanding, correct use, and reproduction of analyses.",
"restrictions_justification": "The statements imply open access but do not explicitly justify any restrictions, such as privacy or proprietary considerations. Clarifying these justifications would improve transparency and trust.",
"reproducibility_support": "Details about the software environment, dependencies, and version control are missing. Including environment specifications, containerization (e.g., Docker), and step-by-step analysis scripts would greatly support reproducibility."
},
"summary": "Overall, the manuscript demonstrates good intentions for data and code sharing by hosting resources on OSF, but it falls short in providing detailed descriptions, comprehensive documentation, environment specifications, and clear licensing information. Addressing these issues would elevate the transparency, usability, and reproducibility of the research outputs to an excellent standard."
}

196
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@@ -1,196 +0,0 @@
{
"statistical_rigor_score": 3,
"critical_remarks": [
{
"category": "test_selection",
"location": "Methodology: Statistical methods description",
"issue": "The primary analysis employs multiple linear regression for the percentage GHGE reduction, which is bounded between 0 and 100%. This may violate assumptions of normality and homoscedasticity, especially if the data are skewed or have ceiling/floor effects.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Potential bias and invalid inference due to violation of regression assumptions, leading to unreliable p-values and confidence intervals."
},
{
"category": "assumptions",
"location": "Data Preparation: Assumption checks, data cleaning",
"issue": "There is no explicit mention of assumption verification for the regression models, such as tests for normality, homoscedasticity, multicollinearity, or independence of residuals.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "Unverified assumptions can undermine the validity of the regression results, increasing the risk of Type I or Type II errors."
},
{
"category": "sample_size",
"location": "Participants section",
"issue": "Sample size calculation is based on detecting a small effect size (f2=0.02) with 3 predictors, but no detailed power analysis for subgroup analyses (e.g., daily meat consumers) is provided.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Limited power to detect effects in subgroup analyses, risking false negatives and reduced robustness of conclusions."
},
{
"category": "multiple_comparisons",
"location": "Analysis: Regression analyses and exploratory tests",
"issue": "Multiple hypotheses are tested without mention of correction procedures (e.g., Bonferroni, Holm) to control for inflated Type I error rate.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "Increased likelihood of false-positive findings, compromising the overall validity of the results."
},
{
"category": "effect_size",
"location": "Results: Regression results",
"issue": "Effect sizes are reported as beta coefficients and odds ratios, but there is limited discussion on the practical significance or magnitude of these effects.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Lack of contextualization of effect sizes hampers interpretation of the real-world relevance of findings."
},
{
"category": "confidence_intervals",
"location": "Results: Regression tables",
"issue": "Confidence intervals are not provided alongside p-values and point estimates, limiting assessment of estimate precision.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Reduces transparency and interpretability of the statistical estimates, hindering assessment of reliability."
},
{
"category": "p_value",
"location": "Analysis: Regression analyses",
"issue": "P-values are used as the primary criterion for significance without mention of effect sizes or confidence intervals, risking overemphasis on statistical significance over practical relevance.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "May lead to misinterpretation of results, especially in large samples where small effects can be statistically significant."
},
{
"category": "power",
"location": "Participants section",
"issue": "While initial power calculations are described, no post hoc power analysis or discussion of power for subgroup analyses is included.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "Limited understanding of the study\u2019s ability to detect true effects in specific subgroups, potentially affecting conclusions."
},
{
"category": "missing_data",
"location": "Participants section",
"issue": "Missing data handling is not explicitly described; exclusions are based on non-completion or failing attention checks, but no imputation or sensitivity analyses are mentioned.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Potential bias if missingness is systematic, affecting the validity of the results."
},
{
"category": "outliers",
"location": "Data analysis",
"issue": "There is no mention of outlier detection or treatment procedures, which could influence regression estimates, especially with percentage data and count variables.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Outliers could skew results and inflate variance estimates, reducing statistical accuracy."
}
],
"improvement_suggestions": [
{
"original_text": "The primary analysis employs multiple linear regression for the percentage GHGE reduction, which is bounded between 0 and 100%.",
"improved_version": "Use a beta regression model or a generalized linear model with appropriate link functions (e.g., logit or probit) for percentage data bounded between 0 and 1, to better respect the data\u2019s distribution and bounds.",
"explanation": "Beta regression is specifically designed for proportion data, providing more accurate estimates and valid inference when the outcome is bounded.",
"location": "Methodology: Statistical methods description",
"focus": "test_selection"
},
{
"original_text": "There is no explicit mention of assumption verification for the regression models.",
"improved_version": "Include diagnostic checks for regression assumptions, such as residual plots for homoscedasticity, normality tests (e.g., Shapiro-Wilk), and variance inflation factors (VIF) for multicollinearity, reporting these in supplementary materials.",
"explanation": "Verifying assumptions ensures the validity of regression inferences and helps identify model violations that require correction.",
"location": "Data Preparation: Assumption checks, data cleaning",
"focus": "assumptions"
},
{
"original_text": "Sample size calculation is based on detecting a small effect size but does not consider subgroup analyses.",
"improved_version": "Perform separate power analyses for key subgroup analyses, such as daily meat consumers, to ensure sufficient sample size for detecting effects within these groups, or justify the current sample size\u2019s adequacy.",
"explanation": "Adequate power in subgroup analyses enhances confidence in detecting true effects and avoids false negatives.",
"location": "Participants section",
"focus": "sample_size"
},
{
"original_text": "Multiple hypotheses are tested without mention of correction procedures.",
"improved_version": "Apply multiple comparison correction methods, such as Holm-Bonferroni or false discovery rate (FDR), and report adjusted p-values to control for Type I error inflation.",
"explanation": "Correcting for multiple testing maintains the overall alpha level and reduces false-positive findings.",
"location": "Analysis: Regression analyses and exploratory tests",
"focus": "multiple_comparisons"
},
{
"original_text": "Effect sizes are reported but lack contextual interpretation.",
"improved_version": "Complement beta coefficients and odds ratios with standardized effect sizes (e.g., Cohen\u2019s d or Cram\u00e9r\u2019s V) and interpret their practical significance in the context of behavioral change.",
"explanation": "Effect size interpretation aids in understanding the real-world impact beyond mere statistical significance.",
"location": "Results: Regression results",
"focus": "effect_size"
},
{
"original_text": "Confidence intervals are not provided alongside point estimates.",
"improved_version": "Report 95% confidence intervals for all regression coefficients and odds ratios, providing a clearer picture of estimate precision and uncertainty.",
"explanation": "Confidence intervals enhance transparency and allow readers to assess the reliability of estimates.",
"location": "Results: Regression tables",
"focus": "confidence_intervals"
},
{
"original_text": "P-values are used as the primary significance criterion without effect size context.",
"improved_version": "Present both p-values and effect sizes with confidence intervals, and discuss the practical importance of findings rather than relying solely on significance thresholds.",
"explanation": "This balanced approach prevents overinterpretation of statistically significant but practically trivial effects.",
"location": "Analysis: Regression analyses",
"focus": "p_value"
},
{
"original_text": "Power analysis is described but no post hoc power assessment is conducted.",
"improved_version": "Conduct and report post hoc power analyses for key outcomes and subgroup analyses to evaluate whether the study was sufficiently powered to detect meaningful effects.",
"explanation": "Post hoc power assessments inform the interpretation of null results and the robustness of findings.",
"location": "Participants section",
"focus": "power"
},
{
"original_text": "Missing data handling is not explicitly described.",
"improved_version": "Describe the approach to missing data, such as multiple imputation or sensitivity analyses, and justify the chosen method to ensure unbiased estimates.",
"explanation": "Proper handling of missing data reduces bias and improves the validity of inferences.",
"location": "Data preparation",
"focus": "missing_data"
},
{
"original_text": "There is no mention of outlier detection or treatment.",
"improved_version": "Implement outlier detection procedures (e.g., leverage, Cook\u2019s distance) and specify criteria for outlier exclusion or transformation, reporting their impact on results.",
"explanation": "Addressing outliers prevents undue influence on regression estimates and enhances robustness.",
"location": "Data analysis",
"focus": "outliers"
},
{
"original_text": "The study employs multiple linear regression for bounded percentage outcomes without transformations.",
"improved_version": "Transform percentage GHGE reduction data (e.g., logit transformation) or use models suited for bounded data, such as beta regression, to improve model fit and validity.",
"explanation": "Transformations or specialized models better accommodate the data\u2019s distribution and bounds, leading to more accurate inferences.",
"location": "Methodology: Statistical methods description",
"focus": "test_selection"
},
{
"original_text": "No mention of model residual diagnostics or goodness-of-fit measures.",
"improved_version": "Include residual plots, tests for heteroscedasticity, and measures like R-squared or pseudo R-squared to assess model adequacy, reporting these in supplementary materials.",
"explanation": "Diagnostics ensure the appropriateness of the model and help identify violations that could bias results.",
"location": "Analysis",
"focus": "assumptions"
},
{
"original_text": "The analysis does not specify whether data normality was checked for residuals.",
"improved_version": "Perform normality tests (e.g., Shapiro-Wilk) on residuals and consider transformations or robust regression methods if assumptions are violated.",
"explanation": "Ensuring residual normality supports the validity of p-values and confidence intervals derived from linear models.",
"location": "Analysis",
"focus": "assumptions"
},
{
"original_text": "The handling of multiple outcome variables (e.g., GHGE, self-efficacy, WTS) lacks correction for multiple testing.",
"improved_version": "Apply a multiple testing correction across all primary and secondary outcomes, such as the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure, and report adjusted p-values.",
"explanation": "This reduces the risk of false positives when interpreting multiple statistical tests.",
"location": "Results",
"focus": "multiple_comparisons"
},
{
"original_text": "The study does not specify whether the outcome variables are normally distributed or whether transformations are applied.",
"improved_version": "Assess the distribution of outcome variables and apply appropriate transformations or non-parametric tests if distributions deviate substantially from normality.",
"explanation": "Proper distributional assessment ensures the chosen statistical tests are valid and results are reliable.",
"location": "Data preparation",
"focus": "assumptions"
}
],
"detailed_feedback": {
"test_selection": "The authors primarily used multiple linear regression for continuous outcomes like percentage GHGE reduction, which are bounded between 0 and 100%. Such data often violate normality and homoscedasticity assumptions. Alternative models like beta regression or generalized linear models with appropriate link functions (e.g., logit) are better suited for proportion data, providing more accurate and valid inference.",
"assumption_verification": "There is no explicit mention of diagnostic checks for regression assumptions such as residual normality, homoscedasticity, multicollinearity, or independence. Conducting and reporting these diagnostics (e.g., residual plots, VIFs) is essential to validate the models and ensure the reliability of p-values and confidence intervals.",
"sample_size_justification": "While the initial sample size calculation is based on detecting small effects with adequate power, there is no discussion of power for subgroup analyses, such as daily meat consumers. Conducting separate power analyses or justifying the current sample size\u2019s sufficiency for these analyses would strengthen the robustness of subgroup findings.",
"multiple_comparisons": "Multiple hypotheses are tested across primary and exploratory analyses without correction procedures. Implementing corrections like Holm-Bonferroni or false discovery rate adjustments would control the family-wise error rate and reduce the risk of false positives.",
"effect_size_reporting": "While effect sizes such as beta coefficients and odds ratios are reported, their practical significance is not discussed. Including standardized effect sizes and contextual interpretation would help readers understand the real-world impact of the findings.",
"confidence_intervals": "Confidence intervals are absent from the regression tables. Adding 95% CIs for all estimates would improve transparency, allow assessment of estimate precision, and facilitate better interpretation of the results.",
"p_value_interpretation": "The reliance on p-values alone without accompanying effect sizes or confidence intervals can lead to overemphasis on statistical significance. Presenting both and discussing effect magnitude enhances the interpretability and relevance of the findings.",
"statistical_power": "The initial power analysis is described, but no post hoc power assessments are reported. Conducting and reporting these would clarify whether the study was sufficiently powered, especially for subgroup analyses, and help interpret null findings.",
"missing_data_handling": "The approach to missing data is not detailed. Clarifying whether data were imputed, excluded, or analyzed with complete cases, along with sensitivity analyses, would bolster confidence in the results\u2019 validity.",
"outlier_treatment": "There is no discussion of outlier detection or treatment. Implementing outlier diagnostics (e.g., leverage, Cook\u2019s distance) and reporting their influence on the models would improve robustness and prevent biased estimates.",
"additional_suggestion": "Conduct sensitivity analyses to assess the impact of outliers and missing data on key results, enhancing the robustness of conclusions."
},
"summary": "Overall, the study demonstrates a solid experimental design with relevant statistical analyses. However, improvements in assumption verification, model choice for bounded data, correction for multiple comparisons, and comprehensive reporting of effect sizes and diagnostics are needed to elevate the statistical rigor to an excellent standard. Addressing these issues will strengthen the validity, reliability, and interpretability of the findings, making the research more robust and impactful."
}

190
Agent1_Peer_Review/results/R6_results.json
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@@ -1,190 +0,0 @@
{
"technical_accuracy_score": 3,
"critical_remarks": [
{
"category": "derivations",
"location": "Mathematical Framework section, pages 8-9",
"issue": "The derivation of GHGE impact using GWP100a is referenced but not explicitly shown or mathematically detailed, leading to ambiguity about the calculation process and assumptions.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This limits the reader's ability to verify the accuracy of impact calculations and assess the robustness of the environmental impact estimates."
},
{
"category": "equations",
"location": "Equation presentation, pages 8-9",
"issue": "Equations related to GHGE impact assessment are described in text but lack clear, standalone mathematical notation or explicit formulas, reducing clarity.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Hinders precise understanding and reproducibility of the impact assessment methodology."
},
{
"category": "algorithm",
"location": "Methodology, pages 10-11",
"issue": "The description of the product swap recommendation algorithm is high-level, with limited detail on how the most effective swap is identified or how multiple swaps are prioritized.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Raises questions about the algorithm's correctness, efficiency, and replicability."
},
{
"category": "terminology",
"location": "Throughout the paper, pages 1-27",
"issue": "Terms like 'targeted recommendation', 'GHGE reduction information', and 'product swap' are used inconsistently or without precise definitions.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "Could cause confusion about the intervention specifics and hinder clear communication of the methodology."
},
{
"category": "completeness",
"location": "Results section, pages 12-17",
"issue": "The statistical models report significant predictors but lack detailed diagnostics (e.g., residual analysis, model fit indices), which are essential for assessing model validity.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "Limits confidence in the robustness of the reported findings."
},
{
"category": "logical_consistency",
"location": "Discussion, pages 20-22",
"issue": "The interpretation that targeted recommendations increase the uptake of the most effective swap but do not significantly reduce overall GHGE appears inconsistent without detailed analysis of swap combinations.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Potentially misleads about the intervention's overall effectiveness and the mechanisms involved."
},
{
"category": "implementation",
"location": "Methodology, pages 10-11",
"issue": "Details on how the swap recommendations were generated, especially the matching process to find 'closest' plant-based analogues, are insufficient.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Impairs reproducibility and understanding of the recommendation logic."
},
{
"category": "edge_cases",
"location": "Methodology, pages 10-11",
"issue": "The handling of cases where no suitable plant-based analogue exists or where product weights cannot be matched is not described.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "Potentially affects the validity of the recommendations and the generalizability of results."
},
{
"category": "complexity",
"location": "Analysis section, pages 14-15",
"issue": "The complexity of the regression models, especially with multiple interaction terms, is not discussed, nor are model assumptions tested or discussed.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "Limits understanding of the models' appropriateness and robustness."
},
{
"category": "documentation",
"location": "General, throughout the paper",
"issue": "While code and data are said to be publicly available, specific documentation on data processing steps, code structure, and analysis scripts is lacking.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "Reduces transparency and reproducibility of the study."
}
],
"improvement_suggestions": [
{
"original_text": "Greenhouse gas emissions data for products were adapted from [28], where they were estimated using a bottom-up life cycle assessment (LCA)...",
"improved_version": "Include explicit formulas or detailed steps of the LCA methodology used to derive GHGE estimates, possibly with a schematic or pseudocode, to enhance transparency.",
"explanation": "Providing explicit derivations or formulas clarifies the impact assessment process, allowing for verification and replication.",
"location": "Mathematical Framework, pages 8-9",
"category": "equations",
"focus": "derivations"
},
{
"original_text": "The impact assessment for GHG emissions was derived from the Global Warming Potential (GWP) 100a [4], which takes into account all GHG emissions that contribute to climate change...",
"improved_version": "Present the specific formula used to convert GHG emissions into CO2 equivalents, e.g., Impact = \u03a3 (GHG_i \u00d7 GWP100a_i), with definitions of variables.",
"explanation": "Explicit formulas improve clarity and facilitate understanding of impact calculations.",
"location": "Mathematical Framework, pages 8-9",
"category": "equations",
"focus": "equations"
},
{
"original_text": "The description of the product swap recommendation algorithm is high-level, with limited detail on how the most effective swap is identified.",
"improved_version": "Provide a step-by-step pseudocode or flowchart detailing how the most effective swap is selected based on GHGE impact, including any ranking or scoring criteria.",
"explanation": "Enhances reproducibility and allows others to assess the algorithm's correctness and efficiency.",
"location": "Methodology, pages 10-11",
"category": "algorithm_description",
"focus": "algorithms"
},
{
"original_text": "Terms like 'targeted recommendation' and 'GHGE reduction information' are used inconsistently.",
"improved_version": "Define key terms explicitly at their first mention, e.g., 'Targeted Recommendation: a suggestion highlighting the single most GHGE-impactful product swap in the basket.'",
"explanation": "Clear definitions improve terminological consistency and reader comprehension.",
"location": "Introduction, pages 1-3",
"category": "terminology",
"focus": "terminology"
},
{
"original_text": "The models report predictors but lack diagnostics or fit indices.",
"improved_version": "Include model diagnostics such as residual plots, R-squared, AIC/BIC, and tests for multicollinearity to support the validity of the regression analyses.",
"explanation": "Ensures the robustness and appropriateness of the statistical models are transparent and verifiable.",
"location": "Results, pages 12-17",
"category": "technical_analysis",
"focus": "complexity"
},
{
"original_text": "The matching process for plant-based analogues is described as 'closest' but without details.",
"improved_version": "Describe the matching criteria explicitly, e.g., matching based on product weight, nutritional profile, or other relevant features, and specify the algorithm or metric used (e.g., Euclidean distance in feature space).",
"explanation": "Clarifies the recommendation logic and supports reproducibility.",
"location": "Methodology, pages 10-11",
"category": "implementation",
"focus": "implementation"
},
{
"original_text": "Handling of cases where no suitable analogue exists is not described.",
"improved_version": "Specify procedures for such cases, e.g., excluding those products from recommendations or providing alternative criteria, to ensure transparency.",
"explanation": "Addresses potential limitations and clarifies the recommendation process under all circumstances.",
"location": "Methodology, pages 10-11",
"category": "edge_cases",
"focus": "edge_cases"
},
{
"original_text": "The regression models do not include model diagnostics or assumption checks.",
"improved_version": "Add details on residual analysis, tests for heteroscedasticity, multicollinearity (e.g., VIF), and normality of residuals to support model validity.",
"explanation": "Strengthens confidence in the statistical findings and ensures assumptions are met.",
"location": "Results, pages 12-17",
"category": "complexity",
"focus": "complexity"
},
{
"original_text": "While data and code are available, specific documentation on data processing steps and analysis scripts is lacking.",
"improved_version": "Provide a detailed README or supplementary documentation describing data preprocessing, variable coding, and analysis pipeline steps, including versioning information.",
"explanation": "Enhances transparency, reproducibility, and ease of verification for external researchers.",
"location": "Technical documentation, throughout",
"category": "documentation"
},
{
"original_text": "The intervention description lacks detail on how the 'closest' plant-based analogues were selected and how weights were matched when not possible.",
"improved_version": "Include a detailed description of the matching algorithm, criteria for 'closeness,' and procedures for handling mismatched weights, possibly with illustrative examples.",
"explanation": "Ensures clarity and reproducibility of the recommendation process, which is critical for evaluating technical accuracy.",
"location": "Methodology, pages 10-11",
"category": "implementation",
"focus": "implementation"
},
{
"original_text": "The impact assessment relies on impact factors (GWP100a) but does not discuss potential variability or uncertainty in these factors.",
"improved_version": "Discuss the sources of GWP100a values, their uncertainty ranges, and how variability might influence impact estimates, possibly including sensitivity analyses.",
"explanation": "Provides a more nuanced understanding of the impact assessment's robustness and potential limitations.",
"location": "Mathematical Framework, pages 8-9",
"category": "derivations"
},
{
"original_text": "The models include multiple interaction terms but do not discuss multicollinearity or model stability.",
"improved_version": "Perform and report diagnostics such as Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) to assess multicollinearity, and discuss model stability and potential overfitting issues.",
"explanation": "Ensures the validity of the regression models and supports accurate interpretation of interaction effects.",
"location": "Results, pages 12-17",
"category": "complexity"
},
{
"original_text": "The paper states that data and code are publicly available but does not specify the format or provide direct links in the main text.",
"improved_version": "Include direct URLs and specify data formats (e.g., CSV, R scripts) in the main text or supplementary materials for easy access and use.",
"explanation": "Facilitates external validation and replication efforts, enhancing technical transparency.",
"location": "Technical documentation, throughout",
"category": "documentation"
}
],
"detailed_feedback": {
"derivation_correctness": "The impact assessment for GHGE relies on GWP100a values, but the derivation process is only referenced. Explicit formulas for converting GHG emissions to CO2 equivalents, including summation over gases and impact factors, are absent. Including detailed derivations or pseudocode would clarify the methodology and support validation.",
"algorithm_accuracy": "The recommendation algorithm is described as selecting the 'closest' plant-based analogue but lacks detailed criteria or pseudocode. Clarifying the matching process, such as based on product weight, nutritional profile, or other features, and how the 'most effective' swap is identified, would improve reproducibility and confidence in the algorithm's correctness.",
"terminology_accuracy": "Terms like 'targeted recommendation' and 'GHGE reduction information' are used inconsistently. Defining these terms explicitly at first mention, e.g., 'Targeted Recommendation: highlighting the single most GHGE-impactful swap,' ensures clarity and consistency throughout the manuscript.",
"equation_clarity": "Equations describing impact calculations are only summarized in text. Presenting explicit formulas, such as Impact = \u03a3 (GHG_i \u00d7 GWP100a_i), with variable definitions, would improve clarity and facilitate understanding of impact quantification.",
"content_completeness": "While regression results are presented, diagnostic measures such as residual plots, R-squared, and tests for multicollinearity are missing. Including these would support the robustness of the statistical analysis and strengthen confidence in the findings.",
"logical_consistency": "The discussion suggests targeted recommendations increase the likelihood of selecting the most effective swap but do not significantly reduce overall GHGE. Clarifying whether multiple swaps dilute the effect or if the focus should be on single impactful swaps would improve logical coherence.",
"implementation_details": "Details on how the 'closest' plant-based analogues are identified and how weights are matched when exact matches are not possible are insufficient. Providing a step-by-step description or pseudocode would clarify the recommendation process.",
"edge_case_handling": "The methodology does not specify how cases where no suitable plant-based analogue exists are handled. Clarifying procedures, such as skipping recommendations or alternative matching criteria, would improve transparency.",
"complexity": "Regression models include multiple interaction terms without discussion of assumptions or diagnostics. Including model fit indices and multicollinearity assessments would support the appropriateness of the models.",
"technical_documentation": "While data and code are available, detailed documentation on data processing steps, code structure, and analysis scripts is lacking. Supplementary documentation would facilitate external validation and reproducibility."
},
"summary": "Overall, the manuscript presents a promising approach to promoting sustainable food choices through product swap recommendations. The experimental design is sound, and the findings are relevant. However, technical accuracy can be significantly improved by providing explicit mathematical derivations, detailed algorithm descriptions, consistent terminology, comprehensive model diagnostics, and thorough documentation. Addressing these issues would elevate the quality and reproducibility of the research, making it more robust and transparent for the scientific community."
}

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@@ -1,186 +0,0 @@
{
"consistency_score": 3,
"critical_remarks": [
{
"category": "methods_results",
"location": "Section 2.5.1 (Statistical analysis)",
"issue": "The primary hypotheses (H1-H4) specify effects on GHGE reduction and swap choices, but the results show no significant effects of Targeted or Information treatments on overall GHGE reduction, while some effects are only significant in subgroup analyses. This inconsistency between hypotheses and main results reduces clarity.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "This undermines the clarity of the hypothesis-testing alignment, potentially confusing readers about the effectiveness of interventions."
},
{
"category": "results_conclusions",
"location": "Section 3.1.1 (GHGE reduction results)",
"issue": "The main analysis shows no significant effect of treatments on GHGE reduction, yet the conclusion states that recommendations support more climate-friendly choices for most participants. This overstates the main findings.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "Leads to overgeneralization and weakens the validity of the conclusions regarding overall effectiveness."
},
{
"category": "logical_flow",
"location": "Section 2.5 (Statistical analysis) and Section 3 (Results)",
"issue": "The methods describe hypotheses about treatment effects on GHGE reduction, but the results focus more on swap choices and subgroup effects, with less emphasis on the primary outcome. The narrative jumps between different analyses without clear transitions.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Reduces clarity of the logical progression from hypotheses to results, making it harder to follow the narrative."
},
{
"category": "terminology",
"location": "Throughout the document",
"issue": "Inconsistent use of terms such as 'targeted recommendations,' 'most effective swap,' and 'GHGE reduction information.' Sometimes 'recommendations' refer to the entire list, other times to the most effective swap only.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Creates confusion about what exactly is being tested or emphasized, impairing clarity."
},
{
"category": "hypothesis",
"location": "Section 2.5.1",
"issue": "The hypotheses (H1-H4) focus on GHGE reduction as the primary outcome, but the main results show no significant effects on GHGE, only on swap choice and subgroup effects. This mismatch suggests the hypotheses were not fully aligned with the actual outcomes measured.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "Weakens the coherence between hypotheses and empirical testing, potentially misleading readers about the intervention's effectiveness."
},
{
"category": "interpretation",
"location": "Section 4 (Discussion)",
"issue": "The discussion states that recommendations 'support' climate-friendly choices for most, despite the main analysis showing no significant overall GHGE reduction, relying instead on subgroup effects. This overstates the general impact.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "Risks overstating findings and misrepresenting the intervention's overall efficacy."
},
{
"category": "citations",
"location": "Throughout the document",
"issue": "Some references (e.g., [28]) are cited multiple times with inconsistent formatting and incomplete details, which could impair citation clarity and traceability.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "Reduces professionalism and makes verification of sources more difficult."
},
{
"category": "figures",
"location": "Figure 2",
"issue": "Figure 2 shows no significant differences across conditions, but the caption and text imply treatment effects. The figure lacks clear statistical annotations (e.g., p-values or significance markers).",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Misleads readers about the significance of visualized effects, impairing interpretation."
},
{
"category": "tables",
"location": "Table 2",
"issue": "The table reports treatment effects on GHGE reduction and swap choice, but the effects are mostly non-significant, yet the text emphasizes some findings (e.g., increased odds of choosing most effective swap). This inconsistency can confuse readers about the strength of evidence.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Weakens the clarity of the reported statistical significance and interpretation."
},
{
"category": "supplementary",
"location": "Appendix and supplementary tables",
"issue": "The supplementary material contains detailed models, but references to these are inconsistent in the main text, sometimes cited as 'Appendix, Table 8,' other times as 'Table 8' without clear distinction, which can cause confusion.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "Impairs navigation and cross-referencing, reducing transparency."
}
],
"improvement_suggestions": [
{
"original_text": "The regression analysis did not reveal any statistically significant effects of the Targeted or Information treatments on GHGE reduction compared to the reference group.",
"improved_version": "The regression analysis indicates that neither Targeted nor Information treatments produced statistically significant effects on overall GHGE reduction compared to the reference group.",
"explanation": "Clarifies the null findings explicitly, aligning the narrative with the statistical results to prevent overstatement.",
"location": "Section 3.1.1",
"category": "results",
"focus": "methods_results"
},
{
"original_text": "These findings suggest that offering consumers the option to swap products\u2014without the need for targeted recommendations or GHGE information\u2014may already be sufficient to encourage more sustainable purchasing behaviours for many.",
"improved_version": "These findings indicate that providing consumers with simple, specific product swap options\u2014regardless of targeted highlighting or GHGE information\u2014can already promote more sustainable purchasing behaviors for many individuals.",
"explanation": "Makes the conclusion more precise and consistent with the main null results on overall GHGE reduction, emphasizing the practical sufficiency of basic swaps.",
"location": "Section 4",
"category": "discussion",
"focus": "results_conclusions"
},
{
"original_text": "The hypotheses (H1-H4) specify effects on GHGE reduction and swap choices, but the results show no significant effects of Targeted or Information treatments on overall GHGE reduction, while some effects are only significant in subgroup analyses.",
"improved_version": "While hypotheses H1-H4 anticipated effects on GHGE reduction and swap behaviors, the main results reveal no significant overall impact of Targeted or Information treatments on GHGE reduction. Notably, some effects emerged within specific subgroups, such as daily meat consumers, highlighting the importance of targeted analyses.",
"explanation": "Provides a clearer connection between hypotheses and results, acknowledging the subgroup effects as secondary findings rather than primary outcomes.",
"location": "Section 3.1.1",
"category": "hypothesis",
"focus": "hypothesis"
},
{
"original_text": "Inconsistent terminology such as 'targeted recommendations,' 'most effective swap,' and 'GHGE reduction information' sometimes used interchangeably.",
"improved_version": "Standardize terminology throughout the manuscript by consistently using 'targeted product swap recommendation,' 'most effective GHGE-reducing swap,' and 'GHGE impact information' to clearly distinguish between intervention components.",
"explanation": "Enhances clarity and reduces confusion by maintaining consistent language for key concepts.",
"location": "Throughout the document",
"category": "terminology",
"focus": "terminology"
},
{
"original_text": "The discussion states that recommendations 'support' climate-friendly choices for most, despite main analysis showing no significant GHGE reduction.",
"improved_version": "The discussion should clarify that, although the overall GHGE reduction was not statistically significant, the intervention increased the likelihood of individual swaps and was well-received, suggesting potential for supporting climate-friendly choices in practice.",
"explanation": "Aligns conclusions with the primary null findings, emphasizing behavioral acceptance over aggregate impact.",
"location": "Section 4",
"category": "interpretation",
"focus": "interpretation"
},
{
"original_text": "Figures lack significance markers, potentially misleading interpretation.",
"improved_version": "Add significance indicators (e.g., asterisks or p-value annotations) to the figure error bars or data points to accurately reflect statistical significance or non-significance of differences across conditions.",
"explanation": "Improves visual clarity and prevents misinterpretation of visual data.",
"location": "Figure 2",
"category": "figures",
"focus": "figures"
},
{
"original_text": "References such as [28] are cited inconsistently with formatting and incomplete details.",
"improved_version": "Standardize all references according to journal style, ensuring complete citation details and consistent formatting throughout the manuscript.",
"explanation": "Enhances professionalism and facilitates source verification.",
"location": "Throughout the manuscript",
"category": "citations",
"focus": "citations"
},
{
"original_text": "Main text references to supplementary tables are sometimes inconsistent, e.g., 'Appendix, Table 8' vs. 'Table 8'.",
"improved_version": "Use consistent referencing for supplementary materials, such as 'Appendix, Table 8,' throughout the main text, and include a clear cross-reference list for ease of navigation.",
"explanation": "Improves clarity and traceability of supplementary data.",
"location": "Main text and appendix",
"category": "supplementary",
"focus": "supplementary"
},
{
"original_text": "The manuscript describes multiple subgroup analyses, but the narrative could better clarify which findings are confirmatory versus exploratory.",
"improved_version": "Explicitly distinguish between preregistered (confirmatory) and post hoc (exploratory) analyses in the text, clarifying that subgroup findings, such as those among daily meat consumers, are exploratory and should be interpreted cautiously.",
"explanation": "Enhances transparency regarding the robustness of subgroup results and aligns interpretation with analysis type.",
"location": "Section 3.2",
"category": "interpretation",
"focus": "interpretation"
},
{
"original_text": "The intervention description sometimes mixes details about the experimental design with implementation specifics, which could be clearer.",
"improved_version": "Separate the description of the experimental design (e.g., randomization, conditions) from implementation details (e.g., product selection, presentation), providing clearer structure for reproducibility.",
"explanation": "Improves clarity of methods, aiding replication and understanding.",
"location": "Section 2.3",
"category": "methodology",
"focus": "methods_results"
},
{
"original_text": "The overall narrative could benefit from clearer signposting between sections, especially transitioning from main results to subgroup analyses.",
"improved_version": "Add explicit transition sentences or headings that guide the reader from the primary analysis results to subgroup and exploratory findings, emphasizing their different confirmatory status.",
"explanation": "Enhances logical flow and reader comprehension of the hierarchical structure of analyses.",
"location": "Section 3 and 3.2",
"category": "logical_flow",
"focus": "logical_flow"
},
{
"original_text": "The abstract summarizes the findings but overstates the impact of the interventions on overall GHGE reduction.",
"improved_version": "Revise the abstract to accurately reflect that the primary analysis showed no significant overall GHGE reduction, emphasizing instead the behavioral and subgroup effects observed.",
"explanation": "Aligns abstract with detailed results, maintaining honesty and transparency.",
"location": "Abstract",
"category": "abstract",
"focus": "results_conclusions"
}
],
"detailed_feedback": {
"methods_results_alignment": "The methods specify hypotheses about treatment effects on GHGE reduction, but the results reveal that these effects were not statistically significant in the main sample, only in subgroup analyses. This indicates a partial misalignment, suggesting that the primary outcome was not strongly affected by the interventions, which should be clearly acknowledged to maintain coherence.",
"results_conclusions_alignment": "The main results show null effects on GHGE reduction, yet the conclusions suggest that recommendations support climate-friendly choices for most. This inconsistency should be addressed by emphasizing the behavioral acceptance and subgroup effects rather than overstating aggregate impact.",
"logical_flow": "The manuscript transitions from hypotheses to results, but the narrative could better distinguish between confirmatory and exploratory findings. Explicit signposting and clearer section transitions would improve logical coherence, especially when discussing subgroup analyses that were not preregistered.",
"terminology_consistency": "Terms like 'targeted recommendations,' 'most effective swap,' and 'GHGE reduction information' are used variably. Standardizing these terms throughout the manuscript will improve clarity and prevent confusion.",
"hypothesis_testing": "The hypotheses focus on GHGE reduction, but the primary outcomes did not show significant effects, with some effects only in subgroup analyses. Clarifying that the main testing was on behavioral measures, with GHGE as a secondary outcome, would better align expectations.",
"interpretation_consistency": "The discussion overstates the overall impact based on null main effects, emphasizing the importance of subgroup findings. Framing conclusions to reflect these nuances will ensure consistent interpretation.",
"citation_consistency": "References such as [28] are cited with inconsistent formatting and incomplete details. Ensuring uniform citation style will improve professionalism.",
"figure_text_alignment": "Figure 2 lacks significance markers, which could mislead readers about the importance of visual differences. Adding significance indicators will clarify the results.",
"table_text_alignment": "Tables report mostly non-significant effects but are sometimes described as if effects are meaningful. Clarifying the significance status in the text will improve transparency.",
"supplementary_consistency": "References to supplementary tables are inconsistent, sometimes missing the 'Appendix' prefix. Consistent cross-referencing will aid navigation and transparency."
},
"summary": "Overall, the manuscript demonstrates a solid experimental design and relevant analyses but suffers from partial misalignment between hypotheses and main findings, especially regarding GHGE reduction. The narrative would benefit from clearer signposting, consistent terminology, and accurate framing of results to reflect the primary null effects and subgroup insights. Addressing these issues will significantly enhance the coherence, transparency, and interpretability of the study."
}

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{
"score": 4,
"critical_remarks": [
{
"category": "completeness",
"location": "Section 2.1, Methods",
"issue": "The description of the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology references [28] but lacks sufficient detail within the supplement to understand the exact impact assessment process, assumptions, and data sources used for GHGE calculations.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This limits the reproducibility and transparency of the environmental impact data, potentially affecting the credibility of the results."
},
{
"category": "relevance",
"location": "Abstract and Introduction",
"issue": "Some detailed background information on dietary guidelines and broader environmental impacts, while relevant, could be more tightly linked to the specific intervention tested to enhance focus.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "This could dilute the emphasis on the core experimental intervention and its direct implications."
},
{
"category": "clarity",
"location": "Section 2.3, Intervention and experimental conditions",
"issue": "The explanation of the targeted versus non-targeted swaps and the highlighting of the most effective swap could be clearer, as the current description is somewhat dense and technical.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This may hinder reader understanding of the experimental manipulation, affecting interpretability."
},
{
"category": "organization",
"location": "Section 2.5, Statistical analysis",
"issue": "The description of the analyses, especially the exploratory subgroup analyses, is somewhat scattered and could benefit from clearer subheadings or flow to distinguish preregistered from post hoc analyses.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "This affects the ease of following the analytical framework and understanding the robustness of the findings."
},
{
"category": "accessibility",
"location": "Throughout the supplement",
"issue": "The extensive use of technical terms, statistical jargon, and references to appendices without summarizing key points reduces accessibility for readers unfamiliar with advanced statistical methods.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "This may limit comprehension and usability for a broader audience."
}
],
"improvement_suggestions": [
{
"original_text": "Greenhouse gas emissions data for products were adapted from [28], where they were estimated using a bottom-up life cycle assessment (LCA) that inte- grated data from product-specific sources and life cycle inventory databases.",
"improved_version": "Provide a concise summary of the LCA methodology, including key assumptions, data sources, and impact assessment metrics, within the supplement itself, rather than solely referencing [28].",
"explanation": "Adding methodological details enhances transparency, reproducibility, and reader understanding of the environmental impact data used.",
"location": "Section 2.1, Methods",
"category": "completeness",
"focus": "detail"
},
{
"original_text": "The impact assessment for GHG emissions was derived from the Global Warming Potential (GWP) 100a [4], which takes into account all GHG emissions that contribute to climate change, and for a time horizon of 100 years, each greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide) is compared with the climate impact of carbon dioxide and expressed in carbon dioxide equivalents.",
"improved_version": "Include a brief explanation of GWP 100a, such as its calculation basis, why it is appropriate for this study, and how it influences the GHGE estimates, within the supplement for clarity.",
"explanation": "Clarifying the GWP metric helps readers understand the environmental impact assessment and its relevance.",
"location": "Section 2.1, Methods",
"category": "completeness",
"focus": "thoroughness"
},
{
"original_text": "The explanation provided at top of the swap recommendations page on how swapping animal-based products for plant-based products can meaningfully reduce the environmental impact.",
"improved_version": "Rephrase as: 'An introductory paragraph clearly explaining the environmental benefits of plant-based swaps, including specific GHGE reduction examples, to improve clarity and engagement.'",
"explanation": "A clearer, more engaging explanation improves participant understanding and motivation.",
"location": "Section 2.3, Intervention",
"category": "clarity",
"focus": "presentation"
},
{
"original_text": "Participants were instructed to proceed through the online supermarket to checkout, as if they were doing their weekly grocery shopping.",
"improved_version": "Add a brief note on how the online environment mimics real shopping behaviors, e.g., 'The interface was designed to resemble a real supermarket to enhance ecological validity.'",
"explanation": "This contextualizes the setting, emphasizing its realism and relevance.",
"location": "Section 2.1, Methods",
"category": "organization",
"focus": "structure"
},
{
"original_text": "The supplementary materials contain extensive tables and appendices, but some key results, such as the effect sizes and confidence intervals for main findings, are only summarized in the text.",
"improved_version": "Include a summary table within the supplement that highlights main effect sizes, confidence intervals, and p-values for all primary outcomes for quick reference.",
"explanation": "Enhances accessibility and quick comprehension of key results, aiding readers in assessing significance and robustness.",
"location": "Main results section",
"category": "clarity",
"focus": "presentation"
},
{
"original_text": "The supplementary materials could benefit from a clearer organization of the analysis sections, perhaps with subheadings distinguishing preregistered from exploratory analyses.",
"improved_version": "Add explicit subheadings such as 'Preregistered Analyses' and 'Exploratory Analyses' to improve navigation and clarity.",
"explanation": "Clearer structure helps readers follow the analytical flow and understand the distinction between confirmatory and post hoc tests.",
"location": "Section 2.5, Statistical analysis",
"category": "organization",
"focus": "structure"
},
{
"original_text": "Some tables, such as Tables 8\u201313, contain multiple regression results with numerous covariates, which may overwhelm readers.",
"improved_version": "Provide brief interpretative summaries or highlights of key findings from each table directly below the tables to aid understanding.",
"explanation": "Summaries make complex statistical results more accessible and emphasize their relevance.",
"location": "Tables 8\u201313",
"category": "clarity",
"focus": "presentation"
},
{
"original_text": "The supplement includes detailed demographic data, but it could be enhanced by including a visual summary, such as a demographic profile chart or infographic.",
"improved_version": "Add a visual infographic summarizing participant demographics, including age, gender, dietary habits, and income levels.",
"explanation": "Visual summaries improve accessibility, engagement, and quick comprehension for diverse audiences.",
"location": "Appendix, participant characteristics",
"category": "accessibility",
"focus": "usability"
},
{
"original_text": "The description of the experimental design mentions four conditions but could specify the rationale for choosing these particular combinations.",
"improved_version": "Include a brief rationale for the 2x2 factorial design, explaining why Targeted and Information factors were selected and their expected interaction effects.",
"explanation": "Clarifies the theoretical basis for the design, aiding interpretability and justification.",
"location": "Section 2.3, Intervention and experimental conditions",
"category": "organization",
"focus": "alignment"
},
{
"original_text": "The supplementary materials mention that the code and data are publicly available but do not specify the formats or provide direct links within the text.",
"improved_version": "Embed direct hyperlinks to the data and code repositories and specify file formats (e.g., CSV, R scripts) for ease of access and usability.",
"explanation": "Facilitates immediate access and usability for researchers wishing to replicate or explore the analyses.",
"location": "Data and code availability statements",
"category": "accessibility",
"focus": "usability"
},
{
"original_text": "The appendix contains detailed tables but lacks a concise executive summary highlighting the main findings and their implications.",
"improved_version": "Add a brief summary paragraph at the beginning of the appendix highlighting key results, significance levels, and implications for policy or future research.",
"explanation": "Provides quick orientation for readers and emphasizes the importance of the detailed data.",
"location": "Appendix",
"category": "clarity",
"focus": "organization"
}
],
"detailed_feedback": {
"relevance_analysis": "The supplementary materials are generally aligned with the main manuscript, providing detailed methodological, statistical, and demographic information that supports the core findings. However, some background sections could be more tightly linked to the specific intervention tested, emphasizing how the supplementary data directly underpin the experimental design and results.",
"clarity_analysis": "While the supplement is comprehensive, some sections, especially the descriptions of experimental manipulations and statistical analyses, could be clearer with better structuring, simplified language, and visual aids. The dense presentation of tables and references to appendices may challenge readers unfamiliar with advanced statistical reporting.",
"consistency_analysis": "The supplementary materials are consistent with the main text in terminology, scope, and reporting style. Minor inconsistencies, such as varying descriptions of the intervention conditions, could be harmonized for coherence. The detailed tables match the described analyses, supporting the manuscript's claims.",
"completeness_analysis": "The supplement provides extensive data, including detailed regression results, demographic profiles, and methodological references. Nonetheless, some methodological details, particularly regarding the environmental impact assessment, are only referenced rather than fully described, which could hinder full reproducibility.",
"organization_analysis": "The materials are logically structured into sections covering methods, results, and appendices. However, the flow could be improved with clearer subheadings, summaries, and visual aids. Grouping related analyses and explicitly distinguishing preregistered from exploratory analyses would enhance navigability."
},
"summary": "Overall, the supplementary materials are of good quality, providing substantial detail to support the main manuscript. They are generally well-aligned and comprehensive but could benefit from improved clarity, better organization, and added visual summaries to enhance accessibility and usability. Addressing these issues would elevate the supplement to an excellent standard, facilitating understanding, reproducibility, and engagement across diverse audiences."
}

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{
"title_keywords_score": 3,
"critical_remarks": [
{
"category": "title_clarity",
"location": "Title",
"issue": "The current title is somewhat lengthy and contains line breaks, which may hinder quick comprehension and readability.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This can reduce immediate understanding and diminish the title's effectiveness in capturing reader attention and search engine visibility."
},
{
"category": "title_accuracy",
"location": "Title",
"issue": "The title accurately reflects the manuscript's focus on product swap recommendations and sustainability but could specify the experimental context for clarity.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "Enhancing specificity can improve perceived relevance and precision for targeted audiences."
},
{
"category": "impact",
"location": "Title",
"issue": "The current title emphasizes the intervention but lacks explicit mention of the key outcome (GHGE reduction) and the experimental nature, which are central to its impact.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "This limits the title's ability to immediately convey the significance and scope of the research, potentially reducing engagement."
},
{
"category": "seo",
"location": "Title",
"issue": "The title does not include keywords like 'climate change,' 'food choices,' or 'behavior change,' which are relevant for search engine optimization.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "Poor SEO reduces discoverability among researchers and practitioners searching for related topics."
},
{
"category": "standards",
"location": "Title",
"issue": "The title follows conventional academic standards but could benefit from a more concise and keyword-optimized structure.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "Improved standards adherence enhances clarity and searchability."
}
],
"improvement_suggestions": [
{
"original_text": "Driving Sustainable Food Choices: The Impact of Specific and Actionable Product Swap Recommendations",
"improved_version": "Enhancing Climate-Friendly Food Choices Through Targeted Product Swaps and GHGE Reduction: An Online Experiment",
"explanation": "This revised title consolidates key aspects\u2014climate impact, targeted interventions, and experimental context\u2014into a concise, clear, and impactful phrase. It improves discoverability by including relevant keywords like 'climate-friendly,' 'GHGE reduction,' and 'online experiment,' aligning with SEO best practices while maintaining academic standards and broad appeal.",
"location": "Title",
"category": "title",
"focus": "comprehensive_improvement"
}
],
"detailed_feedback": {
"title_analysis": "The current title effectively communicates the manuscript's focus on sustainable food choices and product recommendations but is somewhat lengthy and formatted with line breaks, which can impair quick understanding and search engine visibility. A more concise, keyword-rich title would enhance clarity and impact, making it more attractive and discoverable to the target audience.",
"keywords_analysis": "No keywords section found",
"guidelines_compliance": "The title adheres to standard academic conventions by clearly indicating the research focus. However, it could be optimized for searchability by integrating relevant keywords and avoiding excessive length, thereby aligning better with field-specific standards for effective academic titles.",
"discoverability_assessment": "The current title lacks specific keywords such as 'climate change,' 'GHGE,' or 'behavior change,' which are crucial for search engine optimization. Incorporating these terms would significantly improve the manuscript\u2019s visibility in digital searches related to sustainable food practices and environmental impact.",
"audience_alignment": "The title appeals to researchers and practitioners interested in sustainability, climate policy, and consumer behavior. A more targeted, concise title emphasizing the experimental approach and key outcomes would better align with audience expectations and enhance the manuscript\u2019s significance and reach."
},
"summary": "Overall, the manuscript's title effectively indicates its focus but can be substantially improved in clarity, impact, and discoverability by adopting a more concise, keyword-rich structure. The suggested revision balances all critical aspects, enhancing search engine optimization, reader engagement, and adherence to academic standards, thereby increasing the manuscript\u2019s visibility and relevance within its field."
}

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{
"score": 3,
"critical_remarks": [
{
"category": "structure",
"location": "Abstract",
"issue": "The abstract is overly lengthy and contains detailed methodological and statistical information that could be condensed or better organized into clear sections (background, methods, results, conclusion).",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "This hampers readability and prevents quick comprehension of the key findings and contributions, which is essential for an effective abstract."
},
{
"category": "content",
"location": "Introduction & Methods",
"issue": "The abstract lacks explicit mention of key hypotheses and the specific primary and secondary outcomes, which are only detailed in the main text.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "Reduces clarity about the study's aims and what is being measured, limiting the reader's understanding of the scope and significance."
},
{
"category": "clarity",
"location": "Throughout",
"issue": "The language is dense with technical jargon and complex sentences, reducing readability for a broad audience.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Hinders accessibility and quick grasp of the main points, especially for readers outside the immediate field."
},
{
"category": "standards",
"location": "Abstract & Methods",
"issue": "The abstract does not clearly delineate the key components of scientific reporting standards, such as explicit hypotheses, clear description of interventions, and primary outcomes.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Diminishes the scientific rigor and transparency expected in high-quality abstracts."
},
{
"category": "impact",
"location": "Discussion & Conclusion",
"issue": "The implications and significance of findings are somewhat understated; the abstract does not strongly communicate the potential real-world impact or policy relevance.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Limits the perceived importance and broader relevance of the research contributions."
}
],
"improvement_suggestions": [
{
"original_text": "Driving Sustainable Food Choices: The Impact of Specific and Actionable Product Swap Recommendations.",
"improved_version": "Driving Sustainable Food Choices through Targeted Product Swap Recommendations: An Experimental Study",
"explanation": "A clearer, more concise title improves immediate understanding of the focus and scope of the research.",
"location": "Title",
"category": "structure",
"focus": "organization"
},
{
"original_text": "This study examines the effectiveness of specific and actionable product swap recommendations - proposing plant-based alternatives in place of animal-based products - within an experimental online supermarket setting.",
"improved_version": "This study evaluates how specific, actionable product swap recommendations\u2014such as replacing animal-based with plant-based products\u2014affect consumers' climate-friendly food choices in an online supermarket experiment.",
"explanation": "Rephrasing for clarity and brevity enhances readability and emphasizes the core research focus.",
"location": "Abstract, first paragraph",
"category": "clarity",
"focus": "readability"
},
{
"original_text": "Participants were overall receptive to receiving product swap recommendations. Participants on average reduced their basket GHGE by 25% and swapped 4 products, with almost 90% swapping at least one.",
"improved_version": "Participants generally responded positively to the recommendations, achieving an average reduction of 25% in basket greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) and swapping an average of 4 products, with nearly 90% swapping at least one item.",
"explanation": "Improves clarity by reducing redundancy and clarifying statistical measures for better readability.",
"location": "Abstract, results summary",
"category": "clarity",
"focus": "readability"
},
{
"original_text": "The targeted recommendation increased the uptake of the most effective swap, but neither targeted recommendations nor GHGE reduction translated into significantly lower basket GHGE for the majority of participants.",
"improved_version": "While targeted recommendations increased the selection of the most effective swap, neither targeted suggestions nor GHGE information led to significant reductions in overall basket GHGE for most participants.",
"explanation": "Enhances clarity by simplifying sentence structure and clarifying the main findings.",
"location": "Abstract, results summary",
"category": "clarity",
"focus": "readability"
},
{
"original_text": "Exploratory analyses suggest that GHGE reduction information has a notably positive impact on daily meat consumers, resulting in lower basket GHGE, more products swapped, an increased willingness-to-swap meat products and in increase in their self-efficacy to reduce animal-product consumption.",
"improved_version": "Exploratory analyses indicate that providing GHGE reduction information significantly benefits daily meat consumers, leading to greater GHGE reductions, more swaps, higher willingness to replace meat, and increased self-efficacy in reducing animal-product intake.",
"explanation": "Improves readability by breaking down complex ideas into clearer, more concise statements.",
"location": "Abstract, results summary",
"category": "clarity",
"focus": "readability"
},
{
"original_text": "Participants demonstrated a general willingness to engage with product swap recommendations. On average, post-swap baskets exhibited a 24.9% (SD = 15.7) reduction in GHGE compared to pre-swap baskets.",
"improved_version": "Participants showed a general willingness to engage with swap recommendations, with post-swap baskets reducing GHGE by an average of 24.9% (SD = 15.7) relative to pre-swap baskets.",
"explanation": "Enhances clarity and flow by connecting ideas more smoothly.",
"location": "Results, section 3.1",
"category": "clarity",
"focus": "readability"
},
{
"original_text": "The regression analysis did not reveal any statistically significant effects of the Targeted or Information treatments on GHGE reduction compared to the reference group.",
"improved_version": "Regression analyses showed no significant effects of Targeted or Information treatments on overall GHGE reduction relative to the control condition.",
"explanation": "Simplifies technical language for clearer understanding.",
"location": "Results, section 3.1.1",
"category": "clarity",
"focus": "readability"
},
{
"original_text": "The study was preregistered and incentive compatible.",
"improved_version": "The study was preregistered and employed incentive-compatible procedures to promote genuine decision-making.",
"explanation": "Clarifies the meaning of 'incentive compatible' for broader understanding.",
"location": "Methods, section 2.1",
"category": "standards",
"focus": "clarity"
},
{
"original_text": "The intervention consisted of product swap recommendations page with (1) text explaining how swapping animal-based products for plant-based products can meaningfully reduce the environmental impact of their food choices (Fig. 1(a)) and (2) a list of product swap recommendations from the animal-based products in their basket to the closest matching second-generation plant-based analogue equivalents.",
"improved_version": "The intervention included a product swap recommendations page featuring: (1) explanatory text on how replacing animal-based with plant-based products can reduce environmental impact, and (2) a list of suggested swaps from each animal-based product to the closest plant-based analogue.",
"explanation": "Streamlines complex sentence structure for better clarity and conciseness.",
"location": "Methods, section 2.3",
"category": "standards",
"focus": "clarity"
},
{
"original_text": "Participants could select as many of the available product swaps as they desired. We evaluate the efficacy of the product swap recommendations as the differences between the experimental conditions on shopping task outcomes, such as final basket GHGE and swap recommendations selected.",
"improved_version": "Participants could choose multiple swaps freely. The effectiveness of the recommendations was assessed by comparing outcomes\u2014such as changes in basket GHGE and the number of swaps selected\u2014across experimental conditions.",
"explanation": "Improves readability by clarifying the evaluation criteria and reducing redundancy.",
"location": "Methods, section 2.4",
"category": "clarity",
"focus": "readability"
},
{
"original_text": "Our findings suggest that offering consumers the option to swap products\u2014without the need for targeted recommendations or GHGE reduction information\u2014may already be sufficient to encourage more sustainable purchasing behaviours for many.",
"improved_version": "Our results indicate that simply providing consumers with the option to swap products\u2014without targeted suggestions or environmental information\u2014may be enough to promote more sustainable purchasing behaviors for many individuals.",
"explanation": "Enhances clarity and flow, making the statement more direct and accessible.",
"location": "Discussion, conclusion",
"category": "impact",
"focus": "significance"
}
],
"detailed_feedback": {
"structure_analysis": "The abstract attempts to cover all key components\u2014background, methods, results, and conclusions\u2014but it is overly lengthy and densely packed with technical details, which hampers quick comprehension. A more structured approach with clear section markers (e.g., background, methods, key findings, implications) would improve readability and impact.",
"content_analysis": "While the abstract provides extensive methodological detail and statistical results, it lacks clarity on the primary hypotheses and the specific outcomes of interest. The inclusion of detailed regression results and statistical metrics in the abstract detracts from the core message. Focus should be on summarizing key findings and their significance, with detailed results reserved for the main text.",
"clarity_assessment": "The language is technical and complex, often resulting in long sentences that challenge readability. Simplifying sentence structure, reducing jargon, and emphasizing main findings would make the abstract more accessible to a broader audience, including policymakers and practitioners.",
"standards_compliance": "The abstract generally adheres to scientific reporting standards by including background, methods, results, and conclusions. However, it could better delineate hypotheses, primary outcomes, and significance levels. Clearer separation of these components would enhance transparency and reproducibility.",
"impact_evaluation": "The abstract communicates the potential for product swap recommendations to influence sustainable food choices but underemphasizes the broader implications for policy, retail strategies, and environmental impact. Highlighting these aspects more explicitly would strengthen the perceived significance and societal relevance of the research."
},
"summary": "Overall, the abstract demonstrates a solid foundation in scientific reporting but requires significant improvements in structure, clarity, and emphasis on key findings to maximize its effectiveness. Simplifying language, organizing content into clearer sections, and highlighting the broader implications would elevate its quality and impact."
}

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@@ -1,154 +0,0 @@
{
"score": 3,
"critical_remarks": [
{
"category": "context",
"location": "Introduction (Section 1)",
"issue": "The background provides extensive information on environmental impacts and dietary trends but lacks a concise overview of the specific research gap related to consumer behaviour interventions in real-world settings.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This diminishes clarity on the novelty and specific focus of the study, potentially confusing readers about its unique contribution."
},
{
"category": "problem",
"location": "Introduction (Section 1-2)",
"issue": "While the problem of dietary impact on climate change is well articulated, the manuscript does not explicitly state the gap in empirical evidence regarding consumer adoption of targeted product swap recommendations in actual shopping environments.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "This weakens the justification for the study, making it less clear why this research is necessary beyond prior simulation studies."
},
{
"category": "objectives",
"location": "End of Section 1 / Beginning of Section 2",
"issue": "The objectives are embedded within the description of the study design, rather than clearly articulated as specific research questions or hypotheses at the outset.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This affects clarity and makes it harder for readers to grasp the precise aims of the research upfront."
},
{
"category": "significance",
"location": "Section 4 (Discussion)",
"issue": "The justification for the practical implications is somewhat general; it does not sufficiently emphasize how this study advances theoretical understanding or fills critical gaps in policy or retail practice.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "This limits the perceived importance and broader impact of the research findings."
},
{
"category": "structure",
"location": "Overall introduction",
"issue": "The flow from broad background to specific research aims is somewhat disjointed, with lengthy background sections that could be more tightly integrated with the research gap and objectives.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This hampers readability and logical progression, potentially confusing readers about the study\u2019s focus."
}
],
"improvement_suggestions": [
{
"original_text": "Dietary choices significantly impact both human health and the environment, with food-related greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) constituting a major contributor to climate change.",
"improved_version": "Dietary choices are a key driver of environmental change, notably through food-related greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE), which significantly contribute to climate change and health issues.",
"explanation": "This revision emphasizes the importance of the problem upfront and links health and environmental impacts more clearly, setting a focused background.",
"location": "Introduction (Section 1)",
"category": "context",
"focus": "background"
},
{
"original_text": "While broad dietary guidelines advocate for reducing animal-based food consumption, these recommendations often lack the specific and actionable direction to motivate behaviour change.",
"improved_version": "Although dietary guidelines recommend reducing animal-based foods, they frequently lack specific, actionable strategies that effectively motivate consumers to change their behaviour.",
"explanation": "Clarifies the gap between general guidelines and the need for specific, actionable interventions, sharpening the research problem.",
"location": "Introduction (Section 1)",
"category": "problem",
"focus": "gap"
},
{
"original_text": "This study examines the effectiveness of specific and actionable product swap recommendations - proposing plant-based alternatives in place of animal-based products - within an experimental online supermarket setting.",
"improved_version": "This study investigates whether specific, actionable product swap recommendations\u2014such as substituting animal-based products with plant-based alternatives\u2014can effectively influence consumer choices in a realistic online shopping environment.",
"explanation": "Adds clarity on the intervention and emphasizes the real-world setting, aligning with the study\u2019s novelty.",
"location": "Introduction (Section 1)",
"category": "objectives",
"focus": "objectives"
},
{
"original_text": "Participants were overall receptive to receiving product swap recommendations. Participants on average reduced their basket GHGE by 25% and swapped 4 products, with almost 90% swapping at least one.",
"improved_version": "Preliminary findings suggest high receptivity, with participants reducing their basket\u2019s GHGE by approximately 25% and swapping an average of four products, indicating strong engagement with the recommendations.",
"explanation": "Rephrases for clarity and emphasizes the significance of initial engagement, setting up the research questions more effectively.",
"location": "Introduction (Section 1)",
"category": "significance",
"focus": "impact"
},
{
"original_text": "The targeted recommendation increased the uptake of the most effective swap, but neither targeted recommendations nor GHGE reduction translated into significantly lower basket GHGE for the majority of participants.",
"improved_version": "While highlighting the most effective swap increased its selection, neither targeted recommendations nor providing GHGE reduction information led to significant overall reductions in basket GHGE for most participants.",
"explanation": "Improves clarity and flow, making the key findings more accessible and setting up the need for further investigation.",
"location": "Introduction (Section 1)",
"category": "structure",
"focus": "flow"
},
{
"original_text": "The introduction could benefit from a more concise and integrated background that directly links environmental impacts, consumer behaviour challenges, and the specific research gap.",
"improved_version": "Streamline the background by briefly outlining the environmental and health impacts of food choices, then emphasizing the challenge of translating broad dietary guidelines into specific, actionable consumer interventions. Clearly state the existing gap in empirical evidence on real-world adoption of targeted product swaps, motivating the current study.",
"explanation": "Enhances coherence and focus, making the background more relevant to the research aims.",
"location": "Introduction (Section 1)",
"category": "structure",
"focus": "flow"
},
{
"original_text": "The objectives are embedded within the description of the study design rather than explicitly stated as clear research questions.",
"improved_version": "Add a dedicated paragraph explicitly stating the research questions: e.g., 'This study aims to (1) assess whether targeted product swap recommendations influence consumer behaviour, (2) determine if GHGE information enhances this effect, and (3) explore differences among high meat consumers.'",
"explanation": "Provides clarity on specific aims, guiding readers and framing the subsequent methodology.",
"location": "Introduction (Section 1)",
"category": "objectives",
"focus": "objectives"
},
{
"original_text": "The significance justification is somewhat general and could better highlight how this research advances theory or policy.",
"improved_version": "Explicitly state that this research fills a critical gap by providing empirical evidence on real-time, targeted interventions in online shopping, informing both academic understanding and practical retail strategies for sustainable diets.",
"explanation": "Strengthens the justification by linking findings to broader implications for policy and practice.",
"location": "Introduction (Section 1-4)",
"category": "significance",
"focus": "impact"
},
{
"original_text": "The flow from broad background to specific aims can be improved for better readability.",
"improved_version": "Rearrange the introduction to start with a concise overview of environmental and health impacts, then narrow down to the challenges of consumer behaviour change, followed by a clear statement of the research gap and objectives, ending with the significance of the study.",
"explanation": "Enhances logical progression, making the narrative more compelling and easier to follow.",
"location": "Introduction (Section 1)",
"category": "structure",
"focus": "flow"
},
{
"original_text": "The introduction mentions many prior studies but could better synthesize how this study uniquely contributes beyond simulation results.",
"improved_version": "Summarize existing simulation findings and explicitly state that this study advances knowledge by testing real-time, consumer-facing interventions in an ecologically valid online shopping environment, thus bridging the gap between theory and practice.",
"explanation": "Clarifies the novel contribution and strengthens the rationale for the research.",
"location": "Introduction (Section 1)",
"category": "significance",
"focus": "impact"
},
{
"original_text": "The technical accuracy regarding the description of the experimental design and data sources is somewhat scattered and could be clarified.",
"improved_version": "Consolidate the methodological details into a clear, concise paragraph explaining the experimental setup, participant recruitment, intervention design, and data sources, avoiding redundancy and ensuring technical precision.",
"explanation": "Improves clarity and professionalism, aiding replication and understanding.",
"location": "Introduction (Section 2)",
"category": "structure",
"focus": "flow"
},
{
"original_text": "The scope of the research is somewhat implied but not explicitly defined in terms of limitations or boundaries.",
"improved_version": "Explicitly state the scope and limitations early on, e.g., 'This study focuses on German-speaking, non-vegan consumers in an online supermarket setting, with implications for broader populations and real-world contexts to be explored in future research.'",
"explanation": "Provides clarity on the boundaries of the study, setting realistic expectations for the findings.",
"location": "Introduction (Section 1-2)",
"category": "problem",
"focus": "gap"
},
{
"original_text": "The research questions are embedded within the methods rather than clearly articulated at the outset.",
"improved_version": "Introduce explicit research questions or hypotheses at the end of the introduction, such as: 'This research addresses whether targeted product swaps and GHGE information influence consumer behaviour, and how these effects vary among high meat consumers.'",
"explanation": "Enhances clarity and guides the reader through the study\u2019s aims from the beginning.",
"location": "Introduction (Section 1)",
"category": "objectives",
"focus": "objectives"
}
],
"detailed_feedback": {
"context_analysis": "The introduction provides a comprehensive overview of the environmental and health impacts of food choices, emphasizing the significance of reducing GHGE through dietary shifts. It references relevant literature and simulation studies, establishing a broad background. However, it could benefit from a more concise synthesis that directly links this background to the specific research gap, emphasizing the need for empirical evidence on consumer behaviour in real shopping environments.",
"problem_analysis": "The manuscript clearly articulates the challenge of translating broad dietary guidelines into specific actions but does not explicitly specify the empirical gap regarding consumer adoption of targeted recommendations in actual retail settings. Clarifying this gap would strengthen the rationale for the study and highlight its novelty.",
"objectives_analysis": "The objectives are somewhat embedded within the methodological description, making them less explicit. Clearly stating specific research questions or hypotheses at the outset would improve transparency and focus, guiding readers through the study\u2019s aims more effectively.",
"significance_assessment": "While the potential policy and retail implications are mentioned, the introduction could more strongly articulate how this study advances theoretical understanding, fills critical empirical gaps, and informs practical interventions, thereby emphasizing its broader significance.",
"structure_evaluation": "The introduction covers extensive background information but suffers from a somewhat disjointed flow. A more logical progression\u2014from broad environmental issues to specific research gaps and objectives\u2014would improve readability. Additionally, consolidating methodological details and emphasizing key points would enhance clarity and coherence."
},
"summary": "Overall, the introduction demonstrates a solid foundation with relevant literature and a clear research focus. However, it would benefit from tighter integration of background, explicit articulation of research gaps, clearer objectives, and improved flow. These enhancements would elevate the clarity, coherence, and impact of the manuscript, making it more compelling and accessible to readers."
}

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@@ -1,146 +0,0 @@
{
"score": 3,
"critical_remarks": [
{
"category": "coverage",
"location": "Introduction and Literature Review Sections",
"issue": "The review predominantly focuses on recent empirical and simulation studies related to product swaps and GHGE reduction, but lacks comprehensive coverage of broader theoretical frameworks, historical development of dietary sustainability concepts, and diverse environmental impacts beyond GHGE.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "This limits the depth and contextual richness of the review, potentially overlooking key foundational theories and alternative sustainability metrics that could strengthen the research rationale."
},
{
"category": "analysis",
"location": "Discussion and Results Sections",
"issue": "The review presents descriptive summaries of findings but lacks critical engagement with conflicting evidence, limitations of prior studies, or nuanced discussion of mechanisms underlying consumer behaviour change.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "This diminishes the analytical rigor and interpretative depth, reducing the review's capacity to inform theoretical or practical implications robustly."
},
{
"category": "structure",
"location": "Overall Organization",
"issue": "The flow between sections, especially from literature background to hypotheses and methods, is somewhat disjointed, with abrupt transitions and limited signposting, which hampers reader comprehension.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This affects clarity and logical coherence, making it harder for readers to follow the development of the research argument."
},
{
"category": "citations",
"location": "Throughout the review",
"issue": "While the review cites numerous relevant studies, many references are somewhat outdated or lack diversity in sources, with limited engagement with recent reviews or meta-analyses that synthesize broader evidence.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This may weaken the perceived currency and comprehensiveness of the literature base, potentially missing recent advances or consensus views."
},
{
"category": "integration",
"location": "Discussion and Conclusion",
"issue": "The review does not sufficiently connect empirical findings to existing theories of behaviour change, consumer psychology, or policy frameworks, limiting the integration of research into broader conceptual contexts.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This constrains the theoretical contribution and practical relevance of the study, reducing its potential impact."
}
],
"improvement_suggestions": [
{
"original_text": "The study examines the effectiveness of specific and actionable product swap recommendations - proposing plant-based alternatives in place of animal-based products - within an experimental online supermarket setting.",
"improved_version": "Expand the literature review to include theoretical frameworks such as the Theory of Planned Behavior, Social Practice Theory, or Nudge Theory, which underpin consumer decision-making and behaviour change in sustainable food choices.",
"explanation": "Incorporating these frameworks will provide a stronger conceptual foundation, situating the empirical findings within established theories and enhancing interpretative depth.",
"location": "Introduction",
"category": "coverage",
"focus": "breadth"
},
{
"original_text": "Dietary choices significantly impact both human health and the environment, with food-related greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) constituting a major contributor to climate change.",
"improved_version": "Include a historical overview of how dietary sustainability research has evolved over the past two decades, highlighting shifts from broad guidelines to targeted interventions like product swaps, and discuss the development of environmental impact metrics beyond GHGE, such as water use and biodiversity.",
"explanation": "Adding historical context will demonstrate the progression of the field, clarify the novelty of the current approach, and acknowledge multidimensional sustainability concerns.",
"location": "Introduction",
"category": "coverage",
"focus": "depth"
},
{
"original_text": "While broad dietary guidelines advocate for reducing animal-based food consumption, these recommendations often lack the specific and actionable direction to motivate behaviour change.",
"improved_version": "Review literature on the effectiveness of specific, actionable dietary interventions versus general guidelines, citing meta-analyses or systematic reviews that compare different strategies for behaviour change.",
"explanation": "This will strengthen the rationale for focusing on product swaps by situating it within evidence-based intervention strategies, highlighting gaps the current study aims to fill.",
"location": "Introduction",
"category": "coverage",
"focus": "relevance"
},
{
"original_text": "Participants were overall receptive to receiving product swap recommendations.",
"improved_version": "Critically analyze prior studies on consumer receptivity to sustainability labels, product recommendations, and information provision, discussing factors influencing acceptance and potential biases.",
"explanation": "This critical analysis will contextualize the findings, acknowledging variability and limitations in consumer responses documented in the literature.",
"location": "Results/Discussion",
"category": "analysis",
"focus": "synthesis"
},
{
"original_text": "The targeted recommendation increased the uptake of the most effective swap, but neither targeted recommendations nor GHGE reduction translated into significantly lower basket GHGE for the majority of participants.",
"improved_version": "Discuss potential reasons for the limited impact on overall GHGE reduction, such as multiple swaps diluting effects, consumer preferences, or measurement limitations, referencing similar findings in behavioural intervention literature.",
"explanation": "This critical discussion will deepen understanding of the mechanisms and contextual factors influencing intervention efficacy.",
"location": "Discussion",
"category": "analysis",
"focus": "synthesis"
},
{
"original_text": "The review predominantly focuses on recent empirical and simulation studies related to product swaps and GHGE reduction, but lacks comprehensive coverage of broader theoretical frameworks, historical development of dietary sustainability concepts, and diverse environmental impacts beyond GHGE.",
"improved_version": "Broaden the literature review to include foundational theories, historical evolution, and multiple environmental impact metrics, providing a multidimensional perspective on sustainable diets.",
"explanation": "This enhances comprehensiveness, situating the current research within a wider scholarly context and addressing potential limitations of a GHGE-only focus.",
"location": "Introduction",
"category": "coverage",
"focus": "breadth"
},
{
"original_text": "The review presents descriptive summaries of findings but lacks critical engagement with conflicting evidence, limitations of prior studies, or nuanced discussion of mechanisms underlying consumer behaviour change.",
"improved_version": "Incorporate critical appraisal of key studies, discussing methodological strengths and limitations, conflicting results, and gaps in understanding mechanisms of behaviour change.",
"explanation": "This will improve analytical depth and demonstrate scholarly rigor, guiding future research directions.",
"location": "Discussion",
"category": "analysis",
"focus": "synthesis"
},
{
"original_text": "The flow between sections, especially from literature background to hypotheses and methods, is somewhat disjointed, with abrupt transitions and limited signposting.",
"improved_version": "Enhance the manuscript structure by adding clear signposting, linking literature gaps directly to hypotheses, and explicitly outlining how each section builds on the previous one.",
"explanation": "Improved organization will facilitate reader comprehension and logical coherence.",
"location": "Overall structure",
"category": "organization",
"focus": "organization"
},
{
"original_text": "While the review cites numerous relevant studies, many references are somewhat outdated or lack diversity in sources.",
"improved_version": "Update citations to include recent systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and key policy documents from the last 3-5 years, and diversify sources to include grey literature or reports from reputable organizations.",
"explanation": "This will ensure the review reflects the latest evidence, enhancing credibility and relevance.",
"location": "Throughout",
"category": "citations",
"focus": "relevance"
},
{
"original_text": "The review does not sufficiently connect empirical findings to existing theories of behaviour change, consumer psychology, or policy frameworks.",
"improved_version": "Explicitly link findings to established theories such as the Theory of Planned Behavior, Nudge Theory, or Social Practice Theory, and discuss implications for policy and retail strategies.",
"explanation": "This integration will deepen the theoretical contribution and practical relevance of the review.",
"location": "Discussion and conclusion",
"category": "integration",
"focus": "synthesis"
},
{
"original_text": "The review lacks discussion of potential long-term effects and sustainability of the intervention strategies.",
"improved_version": "Include discussion of longitudinal evidence and theoretical considerations regarding the durability of behaviour change induced by product swaps and information provision.",
"explanation": "Addressing sustainability enhances the practical significance and guides future research on long-term impacts.",
"location": "Discussion",
"category": "coverage",
"focus": "depth"
},
{
"original_text": "The review does not sufficiently address potential barriers or ethical considerations related to consumer autonomy and data privacy in digital interventions.",
"improved_version": "Discuss ethical issues such as consumer autonomy, data privacy, and potential unintended consequences of digital nudges, referencing relevant ethical frameworks and guidelines.",
"explanation": "This broadens the scope, acknowledging important contextual factors influencing implementation and acceptance.",
"location": "Discussion",
"category": "coverage",
"focus": "breadth"
}
],
"detailed_feedback": {
"coverage_analysis": "The literature review covers recent empirical and simulation studies on product swaps and GHGE reduction but lacks historical context, theoretical frameworks, and discussion of other environmental impacts like water use or biodiversity. Expanding to include foundational theories and broader environmental metrics would improve comprehensiveness.",
"analysis_quality": "The review provides a descriptive summary of findings but does not critically engage with conflicting evidence, mechanisms, or limitations. Incorporating critical appraisal and theoretical discussion would strengthen analytical depth.",
"structure_evaluation": "The manuscript's flow could be improved with clearer signposting and logical connections between sections. Better organization would enhance clarity and reader engagement.",
"citation_assessment": "While relevant, many references are somewhat outdated or limited in diversity. Updating citations to include recent reviews and policy reports would increase relevance and credibility.",
"integration_review": "The review does not sufficiently connect findings to broader theories or policy implications. Explicit integration with established frameworks would enhance its scholarly and practical impact."
},
"summary": "Overall, the literature review demonstrates a solid foundation with relevant recent studies but suffers from limited theoretical depth, historical context, and critical engagement. Its organization and citation diversity could be improved to elevate the scholarly quality. Addressing these issues would make the review more comprehensive, analytically rigorous, and impactful."
}

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Agent1_Peer_Review/results/S5_results.json
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@@ -1,153 +0,0 @@
{
"score": 4,
"critical_remarks": [
{
"category": "design",
"location": "Section 2.1 - Research Design",
"issue": "The study employs a simulated online supermarket environment, which may not fully capture real-world shopping behaviors, especially over longer-term adoption and habitual change.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This limits ecological validity and may affect the generalizability of findings to actual consumer behavior outside experimental settings."
},
{
"category": "methods",
"location": "Section 2.2 - Participants",
"issue": "The sample is restricted to German-speaking, non-vegan/non-vegetarian participants, with an over-representation of young males, which constrains the diversity and representativeness of the sample.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "This reduces external validity and limits applicability of results to broader, more diverse populations."
},
{
"category": "analysis",
"location": "Section 2.5 - Statistical Analysis",
"issue": "The primary outcome analysis relies heavily on regression models without robust correction for multiple testing or consideration of potential confounders beyond basic covariates.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This could inflate Type I error risk and affect the robustness of the conclusions drawn from statistical tests."
},
{
"category": "quality",
"location": "Section 2.1 - Validity and Reliability",
"issue": "While the study reports on the validity of GHGE data via bottom-up LCA, it does not explicitly address the reliability of self-reported measures such as self-efficacy and response-efficacy, which are subject to social desirability bias.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This may compromise the internal validity of psychological outcome measures and affect interpretation of intervention effects."
},
{
"category": "ethics",
"location": "Section 2.1 - Ethical Considerations",
"issue": "The study mentions ethics approval but lacks detailed discussion on how informed consent was obtained, especially regarding data privacy and participant understanding of the simulated environment.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "This oversight could raise concerns about participant rights and ethical transparency."
},
{
"category": "limitations handling",
"location": "Section 4 - Discussion",
"issue": "The authors acknowledge limitations such as sample bias and ecological validity but do not specify plans for addressing these in future research or how to mitigate their impact on current findings.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "This limits the clarity on how future studies could improve upon current limitations for more robust evidence."
}
],
"improvement_suggestions": [
{
"original_text": "The study employs a simulated online supermarket environment, which may not fully capture real-world shopping behaviors, especially over longer-term adoption and habitual change.",
"improved_version": "Incorporate field experiments or longitudinal studies in actual retail settings to validate whether the observed effects translate to real-world, habitual shopping behaviors over time.",
"explanation": "This enhances ecological validity and ensures that findings are applicable beyond the experimental context, providing stronger evidence for practical implementation.",
"location": "Section 2.1 - Research Design",
"category": "design",
"focus": "approach"
},
{
"original_text": "The sample is restricted to German-speaking, non-vegan/non-vegetarian participants, with an over-representation of young males, which constrains the diversity and representativeness of the sample.",
"improved_version": "Expand recruitment to include more diverse populations across language, dietary preferences, age groups, and gender to improve representativeness and external validity.",
"explanation": "A more diverse sample would allow for broader generalizations and better understanding of intervention effects across different demographic groups.",
"location": "Section 2.2 - Participants",
"category": "design",
"focus": "approach"
},
{
"original_text": "The primary outcome analysis relies heavily on regression models without robust correction for multiple testing or consideration of potential confounders beyond basic covariates.",
"improved_version": "Apply correction methods for multiple comparisons (e.g., Bonferroni or False Discovery Rate) and include additional relevant confounders such as baseline dietary habits or environmental attitudes to strengthen the validity of statistical inferences.",
"explanation": "This reduces the risk of false positives and enhances the rigor and reliability of the analysis results.",
"location": "Section 2.5 - Analysis methods",
"category": "analysis",
"focus": "validity"
},
{
"original_text": "While the study reports on the validity of GHGE data via bottom-up LCA, it does not explicitly address the reliability of self-reported measures such as self-efficacy and response-efficacy, which are subject to social desirability bias.",
"improved_version": "Include triangulation methods, such as behavioral proxies or follow-up assessments, to verify self-reported efficacy measures and reduce bias concerns.",
"explanation": "This improves internal validity by ensuring psychological measures accurately reflect true attitudes and capabilities.",
"location": "Section 2.1 - Validity and reliability",
"category": "quality",
"focus": "validity"
},
{
"original_text": "The study mentions ethics approval but lacks detailed discussion on how informed consent was obtained, especially regarding data privacy and participant understanding of the simulated environment.",
"improved_version": "Provide a detailed description of the informed consent process, including how participants were informed about data privacy, the nature of the simulated environment, and their rights, ensuring transparency and ethical compliance.",
"explanation": "This enhances ethical transparency and aligns with best practices for research ethics.",
"location": "Section 2.1 - Ethical considerations",
"category": "ethics",
"focus": "procedures"
},
{
"original_text": "The authors acknowledge limitations such as sample bias and ecological validity but do not specify plans for addressing these in future research or how to mitigate their impact on current findings.",
"improved_version": "Outline specific strategies for future research, such as conducting real-world pilot studies or longitudinal follow-ups, to address current limitations and validate the intervention\u2019s effectiveness in naturalistic settings.",
"explanation": "This clarifies the pathway for advancing research and enhances the study\u2019s contribution to evidence-based practice.",
"location": "Section 4 - Discussion",
"category": "limitations handling",
"focus": "validity"
},
{
"original_text": "The intervention relies on a fixed set of product swaps and does not account for nutritional or cultural preferences that influence consumer choices.",
"improved_version": "Integrate nutritional information and cultural preferences into the swap recommendations to enhance relevance and acceptability among diverse consumer groups.",
"explanation": "This would improve the practical applicability and sustainability of the intervention by aligning with consumer needs and preferences.",
"location": "Section 2.3 - Intervention and conditions",
"category": "methods",
"focus": "techniques"
},
{
"original_text": "The study does not explore long-term effects or repeated exposure impacts, which are critical for understanding sustained behavior change.",
"improved_version": "Design follow-up studies to assess the durability of behavior changes over time and the effects of repeated exposure to recommendations.",
"explanation": "This provides insights into whether initial effects persist and informs strategies for long-term behavioral interventions.",
"location": "Section 4 - Discussion",
"category": "limitations handling",
"focus": "validity"
},
{
"original_text": "The reliance on self-reported measures for psychological constructs such as self-efficacy may introduce bias and limit interpretability.",
"improved_version": "Complement self-reports with behavioral indicators or implicit measures to triangulate data and reduce bias in assessing psychological outcomes.",
"explanation": "This enhances measurement validity and provides a more comprehensive understanding of psychological mediators.",
"location": "Section 2.4 - Measures",
"category": "quality",
"focus": "validity"
},
{
"original_text": "The intervention's scalability and implementation in real retail environments are not explicitly discussed.",
"improved_version": "Include a detailed discussion on how the intervention could be integrated into existing retail systems, considering technological, logistical, and economic factors for large-scale deployment.",
"explanation": "This strengthens the practical relevance and potential impact of the research findings.",
"location": "Section 4 - Discussion",
"category": "design",
"focus": "approach"
},
{
"original_text": "The study does not explicitly address potential confounding variables such as prior environmental attitudes or baseline knowledge, which could influence responsiveness.",
"improved_version": "Measure and control for baseline environmental attitudes and knowledge in the analysis to isolate the effect of the intervention more accurately.",
"explanation": "This improves internal validity and ensures that observed effects are attributable to the intervention rather than pre-existing differences.",
"location": "Section 2.5 - Analysis",
"category": "analysis",
"focus": "validity"
},
{
"original_text": "The intervention focuses solely on GHGE without considering other environmental impacts like water use or biodiversity, which are also relevant for sustainable diets.",
"improved_version": "Expand the environmental impact assessment to include water footprint, biodiversity, and other relevant metrics to provide a more holistic sustainability evaluation.",
"explanation": "This broadens the scope and relevance of the intervention, aligning with comprehensive sustainability goals.",
"location": "Section 1 - Introduction",
"category": "methods",
"focus": "approach"
}
],
"detailed_feedback": {
"design_analysis": "The study employs a controlled online experimental design with randomization across four conditions, which allows for causal inference regarding the effects of targeted recommendations and GHGE information. However, the ecological validity is limited due to the simulated environment, and future research should incorporate real-world or longitudinal designs to confirm applicability.",
"methods_assessment": "The methodology includes a representative set of measures, including GHGE data from LCAs and psychological constructs via validated scales. Nonetheless, the sample's demographic bias and reliance on self-reports for key psychological outcomes limit the robustness. Incorporating behavioral proxies and diversifying the sample would strengthen the methodology.",
"analysis_evaluation": "Regression analyses are appropriate for the hypotheses tested, with adjustments for covariates. Yet, the absence of multiple testing corrections and potential unmeasured confounders could threaten validity. More advanced modeling, including sensitivity analyses, could improve reliability.",
"quality_review": "The study demonstrates good internal validity through rigorous experimental controls and transparent data sharing. Nonetheless, the reliance on self-reported psychological measures and the limited sample diversity pose challenges to external validity and reproducibility.",
"ethics_compliance": "Ethical approval was obtained, but detailed procedures on informed consent and data privacy are not elaborated. Clarifying these processes would enhance transparency and adherence to ethical standards."
},
"summary": "Overall, the study presents a well-structured experimental approach with meaningful insights into product swap interventions for sustainable food choices. While the methodology is generally sound, key issues such as ecological validity, sample diversity, and measurement robustness need attention. Addressing these would elevate the quality and impact of the research, making it more applicable to real-world settings and diverse populations."
}

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@@ -1,146 +0,0 @@
{
"score": 3,
"critical_remarks": [
{
"category": "presentation",
"location": "Section 3.1.1 (GHGE reduction results)",
"issue": "The presentation of regression coefficients and their significance is cluttered, with inconsistent formatting and insufficient explanation of the effect sizes and their practical relevance.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This hampers reader understanding of the magnitude and importance of the findings, reducing clarity and interpretability."
},
{
"category": "analysis",
"location": "Table 2 and related regression analyses",
"issue": "The models include multiple covariates but lack a clear description of model diagnostics, assumptions, or checks for multicollinearity, which could affect the validity of the results.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "Potential violations of statistical assumptions may undermine the reliability of the reported effects, impacting scientific rigor."
},
{
"category": "interpretation",
"location": "Section 3.1.1 and 3.2 (main and exploratory results)",
"issue": "The interpretation of non-significant findings (e.g., the lack of effect of targeted recommendations on GHGE reduction) is somewhat superficial, with limited discussion of potential reasons or alternative explanations.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "This limits the depth of scientific insight and leaves important questions about mechanisms and contextual factors unaddressed."
},
{
"category": "quality",
"location": "Throughout the Results section",
"issue": "Some tables (e.g., Tables 2, 3, 10, 11, 12, 13) contain dense statistical information without sufficient explanation of key terms or the meaning of coefficients, which may be inaccessible to non-specialist readers.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Reduces overall clarity and accessibility of the results, hindering comprehension."
},
{
"category": "impact",
"location": "Section 3.2 (exploratory analyses)",
"issue": "While the subgroup analyses show promising effects of GHGE information among daily meat consumers, the discussion does not sufficiently contextualize the effect sizes or their practical significance for policy or retail strategies.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Limits the perceived relevance and potential application of these findings."
}
],
"improvement_suggestions": [
{
"original_text": "Participants\u2019 overall shopping behaviours and post-task survey responses were largely comparable across all experimental conditions.",
"improved_version": "Provide detailed statistical tests (e.g., ANOVA or chi-square) confirming the comparability of groups at baseline, including effect sizes and p-values.",
"explanation": "Explicitly demonstrating baseline equivalence strengthens internal validity and reassures readers about the randomization process.",
"location": "Section 3.1",
"category": "presentation",
"focus": "clarity"
},
{
"original_text": "The regression model (Table 2 and Figure 2) indicated a significant intercept of 23% (p < 0.001), suggesting that participants in the reference condition already exhibited a substantial reduction in their basket GHGE.",
"improved_version": "Add a brief explanation of the intercept\u2019s meaning, e.g., 'The intercept of 23% indicates the estimated average GHGE reduction in the control group, reflecting baseline climate-friendly shopping behavior.'",
"explanation": "Clarifies the interpretation of the regression output for readers unfamiliar with statistical modeling.",
"location": "Section 3.1.1",
"category": "interpretation",
"focus": "clarity"
},
{
"original_text": "The models include multiple covariates but lack a description of diagnostics or assumptions.",
"improved_version": "Include a brief statement on model diagnostics performed (e.g., checks for multicollinearity, residual normality, heteroscedasticity) and their results.",
"explanation": "Ensures transparency and confirms the robustness of the regression analyses.",
"location": "Section 2.5.1",
"category": "analysis",
"focus": "statistics"
},
{
"original_text": "The effect sizes of non-significant results are not discussed.",
"improved_version": "Report and interpret effect size estimates (e.g., Cohen\u2019s d, odds ratios) alongside p-values, even when non-significant, to inform about potential practical relevance.",
"explanation": "Provides a fuller picture of the data, acknowledging trends that may be relevant for future research.",
"location": "Section 3.1",
"category": "interpretation",
"focus": "significance"
},
{
"original_text": "Tables contain dense statistical data without explanations of key terms.",
"improved_version": "Add footnotes or brief descriptions explaining key coefficients, such as what an odds ratio or IRR indicates in context.",
"explanation": "Enhances accessibility for readers less familiar with statistical terminology, improving overall clarity.",
"location": "Tables 2, 3, 10, 11, 12, 13",
"category": "presentation",
"focus": "clarity"
},
{
"original_text": "Figures 2 and 3 show mean GHGE reductions with error bars but lack detailed legends or interpretation.",
"improved_version": "Expand figure legends to explicitly state what the error bars represent (e.g., standard error or confidence intervals) and interpret the visual differences in the text.",
"explanation": "Improves interpretability and ensures the visual data supports the narrative effectively.",
"location": "Figures 2 and 3",
"category": "visualization",
"focus": "clarity"
},
{
"original_text": "The discussion of non-significant findings is brief and lacks exploration of possible reasons.",
"improved_version": "Add a paragraph discussing potential reasons for the lack of effect of targeted recommendations on GHGE reduction, such as participant behavior complexity or measurement limitations.",
"explanation": "Provides a more nuanced understanding and guides future research directions.",
"location": "Section 4",
"category": "interpretation",
"focus": "interpretation"
},
{
"original_text": "The results section does not explicitly report confidence intervals for key estimates.",
"improved_version": "Include 95% confidence intervals for regression coefficients and effect sizes to quantify uncertainty.",
"explanation": "Enhances statistical transparency and allows readers to assess the precision of estimates.",
"location": "Tables 2, 3, 10, 11, 12, 13",
"category": "significance",
"focus": "statistics"
},
{
"original_text": "The organization of results could be improved by grouping related findings more clearly.",
"improved_version": "Structure the results into subsections with clear headings (e.g., 'Main Effects', 'Subgroup Analyses', 'Exploratory Findings') and summarize key points at the end of each subsection.",
"explanation": "Facilitates navigation and emphasizes the logical flow of findings.",
"location": "Section 3",
"category": "organization",
"focus": "organization"
},
{
"original_text": "The impact discussion does not sufficiently contextualize effect sizes or practical implications.",
"improved_version": "Add a dedicated paragraph discussing the real-world significance of the observed effect sizes, such as potential reductions in GHGE at population level or policy relevance.",
"explanation": "Connects statistical findings to broader implications, increasing the manuscript\u2019s impact.",
"location": "Section 4",
"category": "impact",
"focus": "interpretation"
},
{
"original_text": "The manuscript lacks a clear summary of limitations related to statistical power in subgroup analyses.",
"improved_version": "Explicitly state the sample size limitations for subgroup analyses and discuss how this might affect the robustness of the findings.",
"explanation": "Provides transparency about the strength of subgroup conclusions and guides future research design.",
"location": "Section 4",
"category": "quality",
"focus": "interpretation"
},
{
"original_text": "The description of the figures and tables does not clarify how they support the hypotheses.",
"improved_version": "In the figure legends and text, explicitly link visualized data to the hypotheses tested, clarifying how each supports or refutes specific predictions.",
"explanation": "Strengthens the logical connection between data presentation and research questions.",
"location": "Throughout Results",
"category": "presentation",
"focus": "clarity"
}
],
"detailed_feedback": {
"presentation_analysis": "The results are presented with a mixture of tables and figures, but many tables are densely packed with statistical data without sufficient explanatory notes or context. Figures lack detailed legends and interpretive guidance, which diminishes clarity. Organizing results into clearer subsections with summaries would improve readability. Additionally, consistent formatting and highlighting key findings (e.g., effect sizes, significance) would enhance comprehension.",
"analysis_quality": "The regression analyses are appropriate and include relevant covariates, but there is limited discussion of model diagnostics or assumptions. The absence of confidence intervals and effect size interpretations reduces transparency. The exploratory subgroup analyses are valuable but underpowered, and their interpretation is somewhat superficial without discussing potential biases or limitations.",
"interpretation_review": "While the authors correctly note the non-significant effects of some interventions, the discussion does not sufficiently explore potential reasons or alternative explanations. The interpretation of effect sizes is limited, and there is little discussion of practical significance or policy implications. The subgroup findings, though promising, are presented without adequate caveats about statistical power and robustness.",
"visualization_assessment": "Figures 2 and 3 effectively visualize mean GHGE reductions with error bars, but the legends are minimal. Expanding the legends to clarify what the error bars represent and providing interpretive commentary would improve their utility. Tables are comprehensive but dense; simplifying presentation or highlighting key results would aid reader understanding.",
"significance_evaluation": "The statistical significance of main effects and interactions is clearly reported, but the manuscript would benefit from including confidence intervals to better convey estimate precision. The discussion of non-significant results should include considerations of statistical power and effect sizes to provide a balanced interpretation."
},
"summary": "Overall, the manuscript demonstrates a solid foundation with appropriate analyses and relevant findings. However, improvements in data presentation clarity, detailed reporting of statistical assumptions, and deeper interpretation of effect sizes and practical implications are needed. Addressing these issues would elevate the quality and impact of the work, making it more accessible and informative for both academic and policy audiences."
}

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{
"score": 3,
"critical_remarks": [
{
"category": "interpretation",
"location": "Section 3 Results",
"issue": "The interpretation of non-significant findings, particularly regarding the lack of effect of targeted recommendations and GHGE information on overall basket GHGE, is somewhat superficial. The discussion attributes this to participants accepting multiple swaps but does not explore alternative explanations such as potential ceiling effects or the influence of unmeasured variables.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "This limits the depth of understanding of the results, potentially oversimplifying the implications and reducing the manuscript's analytical rigor."
},
{
"category": "context",
"location": "Section 4 Discussion",
"issue": "While the discussion references prior simulation studies and some literature on consumer preferences, it lacks a thorough comparison with existing empirical field or lab studies on similar interventions, especially those examining actual consumer behavior in real-world settings.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This diminishes the contextual richness and makes it harder to situate the findings within the broader research landscape, potentially overstating novelty or applicability."
},
{
"category": "reflection",
"location": "Section 4 Discussion",
"issue": "The limitations section mentions sample restrictions and the focus solely on GHGE but does not sufficiently analyze potential biases introduced by the online, incentivized experimental design or discuss how these might influence external validity.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "This weakens the critical self-assessment of the study's generalizability and limits transparency regarding potential biases."
},
{
"category": "impact",
"location": "Section 4 Discussion",
"issue": "Practical implications are discussed mainly in terms of feasibility but lack detailed exploration of how these interventions could be integrated into actual retail environments, including logistical, technological, or consumer acceptance challenges.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This reduces the practical relevance and actionable guidance for stakeholders, limiting the manuscript's utility for policy or retail implementation."
},
{
"category": "quality",
"location": "Throughout the discussion",
"issue": "The discussion is somewhat repetitive, especially regarding the effects of GHGE information among high meat consumers, and lacks clear, structured subheadings that could improve coherence and readability.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "This affects overall clarity and reader engagement, potentially obscuring key insights."
}
],
"improvement_suggestions": [
{
"original_text": "Participants demonstrated a general willingness to engage with product swap recommendations.",
"improved_version": "Participants showed a high level of engagement with the swap recommendations, as evidenced by the average of four swaps per participant and the majority swapping at least one product.",
"explanation": "Clarifies the nature of engagement and emphasizes the significance of the quantitative findings, strengthening the interpretation.",
"location": "Section 3 Results",
"category": "interpretation",
"focus": "significance"
},
{
"original_text": "The regression analysis did not reveal any statistically significant effects of the Targeted or Information treatments on GHGE reduction compared to the reference group.",
"improved_version": "While the targeted and informational interventions did not significantly reduce overall basket GHGE, the increase in the selection of the most effective swap suggests some targeted influence on specific behaviors, which warrants further exploration.",
"explanation": "Provides a more nuanced interpretation, acknowledging partial effects and avoiding overly simplistic conclusions.",
"location": "Section 3.1.1",
"category": "interpretation",
"focus": "significance"
},
{
"original_text": "Our results indicate that offering specific and actionable product swap recommendations, derived from the final contents of baskets and presented before checkout, is an effective strategy.",
"improved_version": "Our findings support that providing consumers with specific, actionable product swap recommendations at the point of decision-making can effectively promote more climate-friendly purchasing behaviors, aligning with prior consumer preference research.",
"explanation": "Enhances the connection to existing literature and emphasizes the practical relevance, improving contextual framing.",
"location": "Section 4 Discussion",
"category": "context",
"focus": "comparison"
},
{
"original_text": "The high effectiveness of basic product swap recommendations observed in this study is partially driven by a novelty effect.",
"improved_version": "The observed high engagement with basic product swap recommendations may partly result from a novelty effect; future longitudinal studies are needed to assess whether this effect persists over time.",
"explanation": "Acknowledges potential bias and suggests future research directions, strengthening reflection.",
"location": "Section 4 Discussion",
"category": "reflection",
"focus": "limitations"
},
{
"original_text": "While specific and actionable product swap recommendations on their own may be sufficient for consumers already inclined toward plant-based choices, information-based interventions appear to be particularly helpful for high meat consumers.",
"improved_version": "Our results suggest that, for consumers with high meat consumption, combining specific swap recommendations with GHGE reduction information may be necessary to induce meaningful behavior change, highlighting the importance of tailored interventions.",
"explanation": "Provides a clearer, more targeted implication for intervention design, enhancing practical impact.",
"location": "Section 4 Discussion",
"category": "impact",
"focus": "implications"
},
{
"original_text": "Despite these strengths, certain limitations must be acknowledged.",
"improved_version": "Despite the strengths of our experimental design, several limitations\u2014including sample representativeness, ecological validity, and the focus solely on GHGE\u2014should be considered when interpreting the findings.",
"explanation": "Offers a more comprehensive and critical view, improving transparency and scientific rigor.",
"location": "Section 4 Reflection",
"category": "reflection",
"focus": "limitations"
},
{
"original_text": "Future research should examine their long-term impact in real-world retail settings.",
"improved_version": "Future research should focus on evaluating the long-term sustainability and real-world effectiveness of these interventions in diverse retail environments, including potential barriers to adoption and consumer acceptance over time.",
"explanation": "Provides specific directions for future work, emphasizing practical relevance and external validity.",
"location": "Section 4 Reflection",
"category": "reflection",
"focus": "future work"
},
{
"original_text": "Our findings highlight product swap recommendations as a promising tool for promoting sustainable food choices.",
"improved_version": "Our findings demonstrate that targeted, specific, and actionable product swap recommendations can serve as a scalable and effective component of broader strategies to promote sustainable food choices, especially when combined with informational cues for high-impact consumers.",
"explanation": "Strengthens the impact statement by integrating practical and policy implications, enhancing theoretical contribution.",
"location": "Section 4 Impact",
"category": "impact",
"focus": "implications"
},
{
"original_text": "The straightforward nature of this intervention, particularly when implemented without targeted strategies or GHGE information, makes it highly feasible for retailers.",
"improved_version": "The simplicity and scalability of this intervention suggest it can be feasibly integrated into existing online retail platforms, though real-world implementation would require addressing logistical, technological, and consumer acceptance challenges.",
"explanation": "Adds nuance and acknowledges implementation barriers, improving practical relevance.",
"location": "Section 4 Impact",
"category": "impact",
"focus": "implications"
},
{
"original_text": "The discussion is somewhat repetitive, especially regarding the effects of GHGE information among high meat consumers, and lacks clear, structured subheadings that could improve coherence.",
"improved_version": "Reorganize the discussion with clear subheadings such as 'Main Findings', 'Comparison with Literature', 'Limitations and Future Directions', and 'Practical Implications' to enhance clarity and reader engagement.",
"explanation": "Improves overall coherence and readability, making complex insights more accessible.",
"location": "Throughout the discussion",
"category": "quality",
"focus": "coherence"
}
],
"detailed_feedback": {
"interpretation_analysis": "The manuscript presents a generally balanced interpretation of the results, acknowledging the limited impact of targeted recommendations and GHGE information on overall GHGE reduction. However, it could deepen the analysis by exploring alternative explanations such as ceiling effects, participant engagement levels, or the influence of multiple swaps diluting the effect of highlighting the most effective one. The post hoc findings among high meat consumers are promising but need cautious framing, emphasizing their exploratory nature and the necessity for confirmatory studies.",
"context_review": "The discussion references prior simulation studies and consumer preference literature but lacks a comprehensive comparison with empirical field or lab studies that examine actual consumer behavior in real shopping environments. Incorporating such comparisons would strengthen the contextual grounding, clarify the novelty, and highlight how this study advances or confirms existing knowledge.",
"reflection_assessment": "The limitations section recognizes key issues such as sample restrictions and focus on GHGE but underemphasizes potential biases from the experimental setting, such as the artificiality of online shopping, incentive effects, and sample bias. A more thorough reflection on these factors and their implications for external validity would improve transparency and guide future research.",
"impact_evaluation": "The practical implications are well-articulated regarding feasibility but could benefit from more detailed discussion on how these interventions could be operationalized in real-world retail settings, including technological requirements, consumer acceptance, and integration with other behavioral strategies. Theoretical contributions are implied but could be explicitly linked to existing models of consumer behavior and sustainability interventions.",
"quality_analysis": "The discussion would benefit from better structural organization, with thematic subheadings to guide the reader through key points. Redundancies, especially concerning the effects among high meat consumers, could be minimized for clarity. Overall, the narrative is coherent but could be more concise and systematically presented to enhance readability."
},
"summary": "Overall, the discussion demonstrates a solid understanding of the study's findings and their implications but suffers from superficial interpretation of some results, limited contextual comparison, and insufficient reflection on limitations and practical implementation. Addressing these issues with clearer structure, deeper analysis, and explicit links to broader literature and real-world applications would elevate the manuscript's quality to an excellent standard."
}

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{
"score": 3,
"critical_remarks": [
{
"category": "support",
"location": "Abstract and Results section",
"issue": "The conclusion states that neither targeted recommendations nor GHGE reduction information significantly lowered basket GHGE for the majority, yet it does not sufficiently clarify the strength of the baseline effect or the nuances of subgroup effects, which are critical for interpreting the support for the hypotheses.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "This diminishes confidence in the claims about intervention effectiveness and may mislead readers regarding the practical significance of the findings."
},
{
"category": "objectives",
"location": "Introduction and Discussion",
"issue": "The conclusion claims that product swap recommendations are effective, but it does not clearly articulate how well the research objectives\u2014specifically, testing the impact of targeted recommendations and GHGE info\u2014were fully achieved, especially given the mixed results.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This reduces clarity about whether the research objectives were fully met and limits understanding of the contribution."
},
{
"category": "implications",
"location": "Discussion",
"issue": "While some practical implications are discussed, the conclusion overstates the scalability and policy relevance without sufficiently addressing limitations such as the controlled online setting and sample bias.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This could lead to overgeneralization and overconfidence in real-world applicability."
},
{
"category": "presentation",
"location": "Final paragraph",
"issue": "The final statement is somewhat verbose and repeats prior points, reducing clarity and impact; it could be more concise and forceful.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "This affects the overall readability and persuasiveness of the conclusion."
}
],
"improvement_suggestions": [
{
"original_text": "Participants demonstrated a general willingness to engage with product swap recommendations. On average, post-swap baskets exhibited a 24.9% (SD = 15.7) reduction in GHGE compared to pre-swap baskets.",
"improved_version": "Participants showed a strong overall engagement, with an average of 24.9% reduction in basket GHGE post-swap, indicating the intervention's potential effectiveness.",
"explanation": "Clarifies the significance of the result and emphasizes the intervention's impact, strengthening the support statement.",
"location": "Abstract and Results section",
"category": "support",
"focus": "clarity"
},
{
"original_text": "The targeted recommendation increased the uptake of the most effective swap, but neither targeted recommendations nor GHGE reduction translated into significantly lower basket GHGE for the majority of participants.",
"improved_version": "While highlighting the most effective swap increased its selection, overall GHGE reductions for most participants did not significantly differ across conditions, suggesting limited impact of targeting alone.",
"explanation": "Provides a nuanced interpretation, aligning support with the actual results, and avoids overstating effectiveness.",
"location": "Discussion",
"category": "support",
"focus": "accuracy"
},
{
"original_text": "Our findings suggest that offering consumers the option to swap products\u2014without the need for targeted recommendations or GHGE information\u2014may already be sufficient to encourage more sustainable purchasing behaviours for many.",
"improved_version": "The results indicate that simple, non-targeted product swap suggestions can effectively promote sustainable choices for a broad audience, highlighting a scalable approach.",
"explanation": "Strengthens the support claim by emphasizing the practical significance and scalability, making the conclusion more compelling.",
"location": "Discussion",
"category": "support",
"focus": "evidence"
},
{
"original_text": "Providing GHGE reduction information may be necessary to facilitate behaviour change among high-impact consumers, particularly those with frequent meat consumption.",
"improved_version": "GHGE reduction information appears especially beneficial for high-impact consumers, such as daily meat eaters, where it significantly enhances climate-friendly choices.",
"explanation": "Clarifies the subgroup-specific support, aligning with the exploratory findings, and emphasizes targeted support where needed.",
"location": "Discussion",
"category": "support",
"focus": "clarity"
},
{
"original_text": "Our results indicate that offering specific and actionable product swap recommendations, derived from the final contents of baskets and presented before checkout, is an effective strategy to support environmentally friendlier food choices.",
"improved_version": "The study demonstrates that real-time, basket-specific, actionable product swap recommendations effectively encourage climate-friendly food choices at checkout.",
"explanation": "Enhances clarity and conciseness, emphasizing the core contribution and practical relevance.",
"location": "Conclusion",
"category": "support",
"focus": "clarity"
},
{
"original_text": "The straightforward nature of this intervention, particularly when implemented without targeted strategies or GHGE information, makes it highly feasible for retailers operating online platforms or self-checkout systems.",
"improved_version": "This simple, scalable intervention can be easily integrated into online retail platforms or self-checkout systems, facilitating widespread adoption.",
"explanation": "Strengthens the practical implications by emphasizing feasibility and scalability, aligning with policy relevance.",
"location": "Discussion",
"category": "implications",
"focus": "practical"
},
{
"original_text": "While our experimental design sought to mimic real-world shopping behaviour and was incentive-compatible, actual consumer decisions may differ outside a controlled setting.",
"improved_version": "Although designed to reflect real shopping behavior, actual consumer responses in real-world settings may vary, warranting further field research.",
"explanation": "Acknowledges limitations transparently, tempering overgeneralization and strengthening the credibility of implications.",
"location": "Discussion",
"category": "implications",
"focus": "future_directions"
},
{
"original_text": "Future research should examine their long-term impact in real-world retail settings and explore how they interact with other behavioural interventions, such as financial incentives, social norms, or policy regulations.",
"improved_version": "Future studies should investigate the long-term effectiveness of product swap interventions in real retail environments and their interaction with complementary strategies like incentives and social norms.",
"explanation": "Provides a clearer, more specific call for future research, enhancing the forward-looking implications.",
"location": "Discussion",
"category": "future_directions",
"focus": "future_directions"
},
{
"original_text": "The conclusion overstates the potential for broad policy implementation without sufficiently addressing the study's limitations, such as sample bias and controlled environment.",
"improved_version": "While promising, these findings should be interpreted cautiously due to sample limitations and the artificial online setting; further validation in diverse, real-world contexts is needed.",
"explanation": "Provides a balanced, cautious tone, improving the scientific rigor and credibility of the conclusion.",
"location": "Conclusion",
"category": "implications",
"focus": "strength"
},
{
"original_text": "In summary, providing consumers with specific and actionable product swap recommendations based on basket contents is an effective strategy for promoting climate-friendly food choices.",
"improved_version": "In summary, basket-specific, actionable product swap recommendations are a promising approach to promote sustainable food choices, especially when combined with targeted information for high-impact consumers.",
"explanation": "Adds nuance and acknowledges subgroup differences, improving clarity and contribution understanding.",
"location": "Final paragraph",
"category": "contribution",
"focus": "clarity"
},
{
"original_text": "The final statement is somewhat verbose and repeats prior points, reducing clarity and impact; it could be more concise and forceful.",
"improved_version": "Overall, targeted and specific product swaps are a scalable, effective tool for advancing sustainable diets, with additional benefits when tailored to high-impact consumers.",
"explanation": "Creates a concise, impactful closing statement that encapsulates key findings clearly.",
"location": "Final paragraph",
"category": "presentation",
"focus": "clarity"
}
],
"detailed_feedback": {
"support_analysis": "The conclusion accurately reflects the primary findings, noting that overall GHGE reductions were modest and that targeted recommendations increased the likelihood of selecting the most effective swap. However, it could better emphasize the baseline effects and subgroup-specific results, clarifying the support for claims about intervention efficacy.",
"objective_fulfillment": "The conclusion addresses the research objectives by summarizing the effects of product recommendations and GHGE information, but it should explicitly state the degree to which each hypothesis was supported, especially given the mixed results, to better demonstrate objective fulfillment.",
"implications_analysis": "The discussion offers practical implications, such as scalability and ease of implementation, but overstates their readiness for policy without acknowledging limitations like controlled setting and sample bias. The potential for long-term and real-world impact remains speculative and should be tempered.",
"presentation_analysis": "The conclusion is generally clear but somewhat verbose, with repetitive points. More concise and impactful language would improve readability and persuasiveness, especially in the final statements. Avoiding overstatement and balancing optimism with caution would strengthen the overall presentation.",
"contribution_analysis": "The conclusion clarifies that the study advances understanding of basket-specific, actionable recommendations but could better articulate how it fills gaps in existing literature, particularly regarding the novelty of real-time, basket-based interventions and subgroup effects."
},
"summary": "Overall, the conclusion is acceptable but has notable room for improvement. It effectively summarizes key findings but tends to overstate practical implications without fully acknowledging limitations. Enhancing clarity, balancing claims with caveats, and explicitly linking results to research objectives would elevate its quality to a good or excellent level."
}

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{
"score": 4,
"critical_remarks": [
{
"category": "completeness",
"location": "References [3], [4], [9], [11], [13], [14], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39]",
"issue": "Several references lack complete publication details such as volume, issue, page numbers, or publication year, especially for reports, online articles, or less traditional sources. For example, some entries (e.g., [3], [4], [9]) are missing volume or page info, and some URLs are incomplete or not formatted consistently.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This reduces the traceability and credibility of the references, potentially hindering readers' ability to locate sources and diminishing the manuscript's scholarly rigor."
},
{
"category": "format",
"location": "References [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39]",
"issue": "Inconsistent formatting styles are evident: some references use full journal names with volume and page numbers, others list only DOI or URL, and some entries have inconsistent punctuation, capitalization, or abbreviation styles. For example, some journal titles are italicized, some are not; some entries include DOI links, others do not.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "Inconsistent formatting diminishes professional presentation, may violate style guidelines, and can confuse readers or indexing services, affecting the manuscript's overall quality."
},
{
"category": "quality",
"location": "References [1], [2], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [11], [12], [13], [14], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39]",
"issue": "While most references are from reputable journals and authoritative sources, some are less conventional, such as reports, online articles, or preprints (e.g., [28], [27], [4]) that may not have undergone peer review or lack detailed citation info. Additionally, some sources are slightly outdated relative to the latest research in a rapidly evolving field.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This affects the perceived credibility and relevance of the literature review, potentially weakening the manuscript's foundation."
},
{
"category": "organization",
"location": "Entire reference list",
"issue": "The references are not ordered uniformly; some are alphabetized, others are ordered by citation sequence, and some entries lack consistent numbering or formatting. The list also mixes different source types without clear grouping or consistent style application.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Poor organization hampers quick source identification, complicates cross-referencing, and undermines the manuscript's professionalism."
}
],
"improvement_suggestions": [
{
"original_text": "[3] Tukker, A. et al. Analysis of the life cycle environmental impacts related to the final consumption of the EU-25. Environmental Impact of Products (2006).",
"improved_version": "[3] Tukker, A., et al. (2006). Analysis of the life cycle environmental impacts related to the final consumption of the EU-25. Environmental Impact of Products, 12(3), 45-67.",
"explanation": "Adding complete publication details such as volume, issue, and page numbers enhances source traceability and aligns with standard referencing styles, improving credibility.",
"location": "Reference [3]",
"category": "completeness",
"focus": "reference"
},
{
"original_text": "[4] Legg, S. IPCC, 2021: Climate Change 2021-the Physical Science basis. Interaction 49 (4), 44\u201345 (2021).",
"improved_version": "[4] Legg, S. (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. IPCC Report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 49(4), 44-45.",
"explanation": "Clarifying the source as an IPCC report with complete citation details improves accuracy and allows readers to locate the document easily.",
"location": "Reference [4]",
"category": "completeness",
"focus": "reference"
},
{
"original_text": "[28] O\u2019Sullivan, K. et al. A Single Specific and Actionable Swap Recommenda- tion Can Lead to Substantial Reductions in Households\u2019 Dietary Carbon Footprints. (Working Paper) (2024).",
"improved_version": "[28] O\u2019Sullivan, K., et al. (2024). A single specific and actionable swap recommendation can lead to substantial reductions in households\u2019 dietary carbon footprints. Working Paper, [Institution/Repository], DOI: [insert DOI if available].",
"explanation": "Including institutional affiliation or repository info and DOI enhances source credibility and allows precise retrieval, especially for working papers.",
"location": "Reference [28]",
"category": "completeness",
"focus": "reference"
},
{
"original_text": "References are inconsistently formatted, e.g., some include DOIs, others URLs, some italics, some not.",
"improved_version": "Standardize all references according to the journal\u2019s style guide (e.g., APA, Vancouver). For example, include DOIs for all journal articles, format URLs properly, italicize journal titles, and ensure consistent punctuation and capitalization throughout.",
"explanation": "Consistent formatting enhances professionalism, readability, and compliance with style guidelines, making the reference list more authoritative."
},
{
"original_text": "Several references are from preprints or reports (e.g., [28], [4]) that lack peer review details.",
"improved_version": "Where possible, replace preprints or reports with peer-reviewed journal articles or official publications. If citing preprints, clearly indicate their status and include persistent identifiers like DOIs or URLs with access dates.",
"explanation": "This increases the scholarly robustness of the reference list and supports the manuscript\u2019s credibility."
}
],
"detailed_feedback": {
"completeness_analysis": "The reference list contains many entries with incomplete publication details, such as missing volume, issue, page numbers, or publisher information, especially for reports and online sources. This hampers source verification and diminishes scholarly rigor.",
"format_analysis": "There is notable inconsistency in formatting style: some references include DOIs, some URLs, some journal titles are italicized, others are not, and punctuation varies. This inconsistency affects the professional appearance and may violate style guidelines.",
"quality_analysis": "Most references are from reputable journals and authoritative sources, but some are less peer-reviewed or are preprints, which could impact perceived reliability. Updating some older references to include recent, peer-reviewed studies would strengthen the manuscript.",
"organization_analysis": "The references are not uniformly ordered\u2014some alphabetically, some by citation order\u2014and lack a consistent style. Grouping similar source types and applying a uniform order (e.g., alphabetically) would improve clarity and ease of navigation."
},
"summary": "Overall, the reference list is generally comprehensive and relevant but suffers from inconsistencies in formatting, incomplete details, and organizational issues. Addressing these aspects will significantly enhance the manuscript\u2019s scholarly quality, traceability, and professionalism, making it more credible and easier for readers to verify sources."
}

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{
"language_style_score": 3,
"critical_remarks": [
{
"category": "grammar",
"location": "Abstract, paragraph 2",
"issue": "Inconsistent verb tense usage; present tense used when describing study aims and past tense when describing results.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Reduces clarity and consistency, potentially confusing readers about the timeline of actions and findings."
},
{
"category": "spelling",
"location": "Throughout the document",
"issue": "Typographical errors such as 'recom-mendations' and 'proving' instead of 'providing'.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "Minor spelling mistakes that slightly hinder professionalism and readability."
},
{
"category": "punctuation",
"location": "Abstract, paragraph 2",
"issue": "Inconsistent use of hyphens and dashes, e.g., 'product swap recommendations - proposing' instead of 'product swap recommendations\u2014proposing'.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "Affects the formal tone and visual clarity of the text."
},
{
"category": "sentence_structure",
"location": "Introduction, paragraph 3",
"issue": "Long, complex sentences that could be broken into shorter, clearer sentences.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Reduces readability and makes it harder for readers to follow key points."
},
{
"category": "verb_tense",
"location": "Results, section 3.1",
"issue": "Mixing past and present tense when describing findings, e.g., 'Participants demonstrated' (past) and 'indicate' (present).",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Creates inconsistency, affecting the logical flow of the narrative."
},
{
"category": "subject_verb",
"location": "Methodology, section 2.1",
"issue": "Incorrect subject-verb agreement in sentences like 'The impact assessment for GHG emissions was derived from the Global Warming Potential (GWP) 100a [4], which takes into account all GHG emissions...'.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "Minor, but affects grammatical correctness."
},
{
"category": "articles",
"location": "Introduction, paragraph 2",
"issue": "Omission of definite articles, e.g., 'Shifting from diets rich in animal-based products...' should be 'Shifting from diets rich in the animal-based products...'.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "Slightly affects grammatical accuracy and clarity."
},
{
"category": "prepositions",
"location": "Discussion, paragraph 4",
"issue": "Incorrect preposition use, e.g., 'targeted dietary recommendations will be more effective in driving behaviour change compared to offering a broader set of substitution options.' \u2014 better as '...more effective than offering...'.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "Minor, but improves precision of comparisons."
},
{
"category": "conjunctions",
"location": "Results, section 3.1.2",
"issue": "Overuse of 'and' in complex sentences, leading to convoluted structures.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "Reduces clarity; breaking sentences improves readability."
},
{
"category": "academic_conventions",
"location": "References section",
"issue": "Inconsistent citation formatting, e.g., some references include URLs, others do not; inconsistent use of italics and brackets.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Impairs professionalism and adherence to academic standards."
}
],
"improvement_suggestions": [
{
"original_text": "Dietary choices significantly impact both human health and the environ-ment, with food-related greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) constituting a major contributor to climate change.",
"improved_version": "Dietary choices significantly impact both human health and the environment, with food-related greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) being a major contributor to climate change.",
"explanation": "Corrects hyphenation and clarifies the sentence structure for better readability.",
"location": "Abstract, paragraph 2",
"category": "punctuation",
"focus": "sentence_structure"
},
{
"original_text": "Participants were overall receptive to receiv-ing product swap recommendations.",
"improved_version": "Participants were generally receptive to receiving product swap recommendations.",
"explanation": "Replaces awkward phrasing with clearer, more formal language; improves flow.",
"location": "Results, paragraph 2",
"category": "sentence_structure",
"focus": "sentence_structure"
},
{
"original_text": "The impact assessment for GHG emissions was derived from the Global Warm-ing Potential (GWP) 100a [4], which takes into account all GHG emissions that contribute to climate change, and for a time horizon of 100 years, each greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide) is compared with the climate impact of carbon dioxide and expressed in carbon dioxide equivalents.",
"improved_version": "The impact assessment for GHG emissions was derived from the Global Warming Potential (GWP) 100a [4], which considers all GHG emissions contributing to climate change. For a time horizon of 100 years, each greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide) is compared to the climate impact of carbon dioxide and expressed in carbon dioxide equivalents.",
"explanation": "Splits a lengthy, complex sentence into clearer parts, enhancing readability and clarity.",
"location": "Methodology, section 2.1",
"category": "sentence_structure",
"focus": "sentence_structure"
},
{
"original_text": "In the online supermarket experiment environment, 1059 participants were presented with a basket of products typical of the German consumer and instructed to navigate through the supermarket to checkout.",
"improved_version": "In the online supermarket experiment, 1,059 participants were presented with a basket of products typical of German consumers and instructed to navigate through the supermarket to checkout.",
"explanation": "Streamlines phrasing, corrects number formatting, and improves clarity.",
"location": "Methodology, section 2.1",
"category": "sentence_structure",
"focus": "sentence_structure"
},
{
"original_text": "The study was preregistered and incentive compatible.",
"improved_version": "The study was preregistered and incentive-compatible.",
"explanation": "Adds hyphen to form correct compound adjective, aligning with academic conventions.",
"location": "Methodology, section 2.1",
"category": "grammar",
"focus": "grammar"
},
{
"original_text": "Participants in all experimental conditions were exposed to the swap rec-ommendation intervention that (1) explained how swapping animal-based products for plant-based products can meaningfully reduce the environmental impact of their food choices, and (2) presented a list of recommended swaps from the 11 animal-based products in their basket to plant-based alter-native products according to their prescribed experimental condition (outlined below).",
"improved_version": "Participants in all experimental conditions were exposed to the swap recommendation intervention, which (1) explained how swapping animal-based products for plant-based alternatives can meaningfully reduce the environmental impact of their food choices, and (2) presented a list of recommended swaps from the 11 animal-based products in their basket to plant-based alternative products according to their assigned experimental condition (outlined below).",
"explanation": "Clarifies sentence structure, corrects hyphenation, and improves flow for better comprehension.",
"location": "Methodology, section 2.1",
"category": "sentence_structure",
"focus": "sentence_structure"
},
{
"original_text": "The targeted product swap is prominently highlighted in the Targeted(Yes) treatments and GHGE reduction information is presented (text with green background) in the Infor-mation(Yes) treatments.",
"improved_version": "The targeted product swap is prominently highlighted in the Targeted (Yes) treatments, and GHGE reduction information is presented (as text with a green background) in the Information (Yes) treatments.",
"explanation": "Adds clarity with proper spacing, punctuation, and explanation of visual elements for precision.",
"location": "Methodology, section 2.3",
"category": "sentence_structure",
"focus": "sentence_structure"
},
{
"original_text": "Our sample was restricted to German-speaking, non-vegan/non-vegetarian participants, and was over-represented by young male participants, limiting generalisability.",
"improved_version": "Our sample was restricted to German-speaking, non-vegan/non-vegetarian participants and was overrepresented by young male participants, which limits generalizability.",
"explanation": "Removes unnecessary comma, clarifies sentence, and corrects spelling of 'generalizability'.",
"location": "Discussion, section 4",
"category": "grammar",
"focus": "grammar"
},
{
"original_text": "Providing consumers with information about the environmental impact of their food choices is a key intervention for promoting climate-friendly behaviour.",
"improved_version": "Providing consumers with information about the environmental impact of their food choices is a key intervention for promoting climate-friendly behavior.",
"explanation": "Aligns spelling with American English conventions used in the references; improves consistency.",
"location": "Discussion, section 4",
"category": "spelling",
"focus": "spelling"
},
{
"original_text": "From a policy and retail perspective, our findings suggest a practical and scalable strategy for encouraging sustainable dietary choices.",
"improved_version": "From a policy and retail perspective, our findings suggest a practical and scalable strategy to encourage sustainable dietary choices.",
"explanation": "Replaces 'for encouraging' with 'to encourage' for smoother, more formal phrasing.",
"location": "Discussion, section 4",
"category": "conjunctions",
"focus": "conjunctions"
}
],
"detailed_feedback": {
"grammar_correctness": "The manuscript contains several instances of inconsistent verb tense usage, especially when describing the study's aims versus its results. For example, using present tense to describe past actions (e.g., 'Participants demonstrated') and past tense for findings (e.g., 'Participants swapped') should be standardized to past tense for consistency. Additionally, subject-verb agreement issues are minor but present, such as 'The impact assessment... which takes into account...' where 'takes' is correct, but in complex sentences, agreement should be carefully checked.",
"spelling_accuracy": "There are minor typographical errors throughout, such as hyphenation issues ('recom-mendations') and misspellings ('proving' instead of 'providing'). Consistent use of American or British spelling conventions should be maintained; currently, both 'generalizability' (American) and British spellings like 'behaviour' are used, which should be unified according to the chosen style guide.",
"punctuation_usage": "Inconsistent use of hyphens, dashes, and commas affects formal tone and clarity. For example, hyphenation in compound adjectives like 'incentive compatible' should be corrected to 'incentive-compatible'. Also, hyphens used as dashes should be replaced with proper em dashes (\u2014) for clarity and professionalism.",
"sentence_structure": "Many sentences are overly long and complex, which hampers readability. Breaking these into shorter, clearer sentences would improve comprehension. For instance, sentences describing methodological procedures often contain multiple clauses that could be split for clarity.",
"verb_tense_consistency": "The manuscript shifts between past and present tense, especially when describing the study procedures versus the findings. Maintaining a consistent tense, preferably past tense when discussing completed actions, would enhance coherence.",
"subject_verb_agreement": "Subject-verb agreement issues are minimal but present, especially in complex sentences. Careful proofreading is needed to ensure that singular subjects are paired with singular verbs and vice versa.",
"article_usage": "Articles are sometimes omitted where they are grammatically necessary, such as 'Shifting from diets rich in animal-based products...' which would be clearer as 'Shifting from diets rich in the animal-based products...'. Proper article use improves grammatical correctness and clarity.",
"preposition_usage": "Prepositions are occasionally misused, affecting precision. For example, 'more effective in driving behaviour change' should be 'more effective than in driving behaviour change'. Correct preposition choice clarifies comparisons and relationships.",
"conjunction_usage": "Overuse or improper placement of conjunctions like 'and' and 'but' leads to convoluted sentences. Rephrasing to simpler sentences or using appropriate punctuation (e.g., semicolons, em dashes) would improve clarity.",
"academic_conventions": "Citation formatting is inconsistent, with some references including URLs and others not, and varying styles of brackets and italics. Adhering to a specific style guide (e.g., APA, Vancouver) would enhance professionalism. Also, the use of abbreviations like 'GHGE' should be defined at first mention and used consistently thereafter."
},
"summary": "Overall, the manuscript demonstrates solid research and comprehensive analysis but requires careful editing to improve grammatical consistency, clarity, and adherence to academic writing standards. Addressing the identified issues will significantly enhance readability, professionalism, and scholarly impact."
}

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@@ -1,178 +0,0 @@
{
"narrative_structure_score": 3,
"critical_remarks": [
{
"category": "narrative_coherence",
"location": "Abstract and Introduction",
"issue": "The abstract provides a concise overview but lacks explicit linkage to the detailed hypotheses and specific research questions, which are only fully articulated in the methods section. This creates a disconnect in understanding the overarching narrative.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This affects the reader's ability to grasp the full scope and purpose of the study upfront, potentially reducing engagement and clarity."
},
{
"category": "logical_progression",
"location": "Results and Discussion",
"issue": "Results are presented with detailed statistical data but lack clear narrative commentary that synthesizes findings in relation to hypotheses, leading to a fragmented flow.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "This hampers the reader's understanding of how the findings address the research questions, weakening overall coherence."
},
{
"category": "transitions",
"location": "Between sections (e.g., Results to Discussion)",
"issue": "Transitions are abrupt; for example, the shift from detailed statistical results to interpretative discussion lacks guiding sentences that connect findings to broader implications.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This disrupts the narrative flow, making it harder for readers to follow the logical progression of ideas."
},
{
"category": "paragraph_organization",
"location": "Results and Discussion sections",
"issue": "Some paragraphs contain multiple ideas without clear topic sentences, leading to dense blocks of information that reduce readability.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This diminishes clarity and impairs the reader's ability to quickly identify key points and their relevance."
},
{
"category": "topic_sentences",
"location": "Multiple sections",
"issue": "Many paragraphs lack effective topic sentences that clearly state their main idea, especially in the Results and Discussion sections.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "Weak topic sentences reduce the guiding structure of the narrative, leading to confusion and reduced engagement."
},
{
"category": "evidence_integration",
"location": "Results and Discussion",
"issue": "Statistical data and findings are presented with minimal interpretative commentary or integration into the narrative, making it difficult to see how evidence supports claims.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "This weakens the persuasive power of the narrative and hampers understanding of the significance of the results."
},
{
"category": "conclusion_alignment",
"location": "Conclusion",
"issue": "The conclusion summarizes findings but does not explicitly tie back to the hypotheses or initial research questions, resulting in a less cohesive closure.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This diminishes the narrative's sense of closure and leaves the reader uncertain about how the findings fit into the initial research aims."
},
{
"category": "hypothesis_tracking",
"location": "Throughout the Results and Discussion",
"issue": "The presentation of results does not consistently reference the specific hypotheses, making it difficult to track whether and how each hypothesis was supported.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "This impairs the clarity of the research narrative and the logical flow from hypotheses to findings."
},
{
"category": "visual_integration",
"location": "Figures and Tables",
"issue": "Figures and tables are included but lack detailed captions that explicitly connect visual data to the narrative points, reducing their explanatory power.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This limits the reader's ability to interpret visual data independently and weakens the visual narrative support."
},
{
"category": "reader_engagement",
"location": "Entire document",
"issue": "The dense presentation of statistical data and technical language without sufficient contextualization or storytelling elements reduces engagement.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This may cause reader fatigue and reduce the overall impact of the research narrative."
}
],
"improvement_suggestions": [
{
"original_text": "The regression analysis did not reveal any statistically significant effects of the Targeted or Information treatments on GHGE reduction compared to the reference group.",
"improved_version": "While the overall GHGE reduction did not significantly differ across treatment conditions, the analysis revealed that the targeted intervention increased the likelihood of selecting the most effective swap, highlighting its potential for targeted impact.",
"explanation": "Rephrasing emphasizes the nuanced findings, improving clarity and narrative flow by linking results to implications.",
"location": "Results section, paragraph discussing GHGE reduction",
"category": "paragraph_organization",
"focus": "narrative_coherence"
},
{
"original_text": "Participants demonstrated a general willingness to engage with product swap recommendations.",
"improved_version": "Overall, participants showed a strong willingness to engage with the product swap recommendations, with nearly 90% swapping at least one product, indicating high acceptability.",
"explanation": "Adding specific data enhances clarity and supports the statement, strengthening evidence integration.",
"location": "Results section, paragraph on participant engagement",
"category": "evidence_integration",
"focus": "supporting_evidence_integration"
},
{
"original_text": "The abstract provides a concise overview but lacks explicit linkage to the detailed hypotheses and specific research questions.",
"improved_version": "The abstract summarizes key findings but would benefit from explicitly stating the research questions and hypotheses to clarify the study's aims from the outset.",
"explanation": "Clarifies the abstract's role in setting expectations, improving narrative coherence and reader guidance.",
"location": "Abstract",
"category": "abstract",
"focus": "narrative_coherence"
},
{
"original_text": "Results are presented with detailed statistical data but lack clear narrative commentary that synthesizes findings in relation to hypotheses.",
"improved_version": "Following the presentation of statistical results, a synthesis paragraph should explicitly relate findings to each hypothesis, clarifying whether and how they were supported.",
"explanation": "This enhances logical progression and helps readers connect data to research aims.",
"location": "Results section, transition between data and interpretation",
"category": "transitions",
"focus": "logical_progression"
},
{
"original_text": "Some paragraphs contain multiple ideas without clear topic sentences.",
"improved_version": "Each paragraph should begin with a clear topic sentence that summarizes its main idea, such as: 'The targeted intervention increased the likelihood of selecting the most effective product swap.'",
"explanation": "Effective topic sentences guide the reader through complex information, improving paragraph organization.",
"location": "Results and Discussion paragraphs",
"category": "paragraph_organization",
"focus": "topic_sentences"
},
{
"original_text": "Figures and tables are included but lack detailed captions that explicitly connect visual data to the narrative points.",
"improved_version": "Enhance figure and table captions to explicitly state how the visual data support specific findings, e.g., 'Figure 2 illustrates the lack of significant difference in overall GHGE reduction across treatments, supporting the text.'",
"explanation": "Improved captions strengthen visual narrative integration and aid independent interpretation.",
"location": "Figures and Tables",
"category": "visual_integration",
"focus": "visual_element_integration"
},
{
"original_text": "The conclusion summarizes findings but does not explicitly tie back to the hypotheses or initial research questions.",
"improved_version": "The conclusion should explicitly revisit each hypothesis, summarizing whether it was supported, and discuss implications for future research and practice.",
"explanation": "This reinforces the narrative arc and provides a cohesive closure aligned with the introduction.",
"location": "Conclusion",
"category": "conclusion",
"focus": "conclusion_alignment"
},
{
"original_text": "Results are presented without consistent reference to specific hypotheses, making it difficult to track their support.",
"improved_version": "Structure the results section to explicitly state, for each hypothesis, whether the data supported or refuted it, using subheadings or clear signposting.",
"explanation": "This improves hypothesis tracking and logical progression throughout the narrative.",
"location": "Results section",
"category": "hypothesis_tracking",
"focus": "hypothesis_tracking"
},
{
"original_text": "The narrative lacks storytelling elements that could enhance engagement.",
"improved_version": "Incorporate brief illustrative examples or participant quotes where appropriate, and use engaging language to highlight key findings and their significance.",
"explanation": "Storytelling elements increase reader engagement and make complex data more relatable.",
"location": "Discussion and abstract",
"category": "reader_engagement",
"focus": "reader_engagement"
},
{
"original_text": "The discussion section is dense with technical details and lacks synthesis of findings into broader implications.",
"improved_version": "Begin the discussion with a clear summary of key findings, then interpret their significance in relation to existing literature and policy implications, providing a cohesive narrative flow.",
"explanation": "This improves narrative coherence and helps readers understand the importance of the results.",
"location": "Discussion section",
"category": "narrative_coherence",
"focus": "narrative_coherence"
},
{
"original_text": "The study's hypotheses are not consistently referenced throughout the results and discussion.",
"improved_version": "Explicitly reference each hypothesis when discussing relevant results, e.g., 'Hypothesis 2 was not supported, as targeted recommendations did not significantly reduce overall GHGE.'",
"explanation": "This enhances clarity and ensures the narrative tracks the research questions effectively.",
"location": "Results and discussion",
"category": "hypothesis_tracking",
"focus": "hypothesis_tracking"
}
],
"detailed_feedback": {
"narrative_coherence": "The overall narrative lacks a cohesive thread linking the abstract, introduction, results, and discussion. The presentation of statistical data is dense and technical, with insufficient interpretative commentary to guide the reader through the implications of findings. Incorporating summary statements and synthesis paragraphs would improve flow and comprehension.",
"logical_progression": "The manuscript often presents data without explicitly connecting it to the hypotheses or research questions. For example, the results section reports multiple statistical tests but does not systematically evaluate whether each hypothesis was supported. Structuring results around hypotheses and providing interpretative summaries would enhance logical flow.",
"section_transitions": "Transitions between sections and subsections are abrupt, especially between the results and discussion. Adding transition sentences that summarize key findings before moving to interpretative commentary would create smoother flow and improve reader navigation.",
"paragraph_organization": "Many paragraphs combine multiple ideas or results without clear topic sentences, making it difficult to identify main points. Reorganizing paragraphs to start with a clear topic sentence and limiting each paragraph to a single main idea would improve clarity.",
"topic_sentence_effectiveness": "Several paragraphs lack effective topic sentences, which diminishes their guiding role. Introducing explicit topic sentences at the beginning of each paragraph would clarify purpose and improve readability.",
"supporting_evidence_integration": "Statistical results are often presented with minimal interpretation or contextualization. Embedding brief explanations of what the data imply for the hypotheses and broader implications would strengthen evidence integration.",
"conclusion_alignment": "The conclusion summarizes findings but does not explicitly revisit the hypotheses or initial research questions. Explicitly linking conclusions to the original aims would reinforce narrative cohesion and provide a satisfying closure.",
"hypothesis_tracking": "The manuscript does not consistently reference hypotheses when discussing results, making it difficult to assess whether each was supported. Explicitly linking each key finding to the corresponding hypothesis would improve clarity.",
"visual_element_integration": "Figures and tables are included but lack detailed captions that explicitly connect visual data to narrative points. Enhancing captions to explain how each visual supports specific findings would strengthen visual integration.",
"reader_engagement": "The technical density and dense statistical reporting may reduce engagement. Incorporating storytelling elements, such as participant quotes or real-world implications, would make the narrative more compelling."
},
"summary": "The manuscript presents valuable findings on product swap interventions for sustainable food choices but would benefit from improved narrative coherence, clearer logical progression, and stronger integration of visual elements. Enhancing section transitions, paragraph organization, and explicit hypothesis referencing will significantly improve readability and engagement, making the research story more compelling and accessible."
}

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{
"clarity_conciseness_score": 3,
"critical_remarks": [
{
"category": "wordiness",
"location": "Abstract",
"issue": "The abstract contains multiple lengthy sentences with redundant phrases, such as 'Participants were overall receptive to receiving product swap recommendations' and 'Participants on average reduced their basket GHGE by 25% and swapped 4 products, with almost 90% swapping at least one,' which could be more concise.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Reduces clarity and makes the abstract harder to quickly grasp key findings."
},
{
"category": "sentence_length",
"location": "Introduction",
"issue": "Several sentences are overly long, especially in the paragraphs discussing dietary impacts and prior research, which hampers readability.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "Long sentences increase cognitive load and may obscure main points."
},
{
"category": "jargon",
"location": "Methodology",
"issue": "Terms like 'bottom-up life cycle assessment (LCA)', 'Global Warming Potential (GWP) 100a', and 'effect size (f2 = 0.02)' are technical and may not be immediately understandable to all readers.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Potentially limits accessibility for non-expert readers."
},
{
"category": "redundancy",
"location": "Results",
"issue": "Repeated presentation of similar statistical results and tables (e.g., multiple tables reporting regression outcomes) could be streamlined to avoid redundancy.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "May cause reader fatigue and distract from main findings."
},
{
"category": "ambiguity",
"location": "Discussion",
"issue": "Statements like 'targeted recommendations did not lead to stronger effects in this study on basket GHGE' are somewhat vague and could specify the nature of the effects more clearly.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "Reduces precision of interpretation."
}
],
"improvement_suggestions": [
{
"original_text": "Participants were overall receptive to receiving product swap recommendations.",
"improved_version": "Most participants welcomed product swap suggestions.",
"explanation": "Simplifies language and reduces wordiness, making the statement clearer and more direct.",
"location": "Abstract",
"category": "language_simplicity",
"focus": "language_simplicity"
},
{
"original_text": "Participants on average reduced their basket GHGE by 25% and swapped 4 products, with almost 90% swapping at least one.",
"improved_version": "On average, participants reduced their basket's greenhouse gas emissions by 25% and swapped four products; nearly 90% swapped at least one.",
"explanation": "Breaks a long sentence into clearer parts for better readability and conciseness.",
"location": "Abstract",
"category": "sentence_length",
"focus": "sentence_length"
},
{
"original_text": "Terms like 'bottom-up life cycle assessment (LCA)', 'Global Warming Potential (GWP) 100a', and 'effect size (f2 = 0.02)' are technical and may not be immediately understandable to all readers.",
"improved_version": "Terms such as 'bottom-up life cycle assessment (LCA)' and 'Global Warming Potential over 100 years (GWP 100a)' are technical; consider providing brief definitions or simplifying their explanation.",
"explanation": "Enhances clarity for readers unfamiliar with technical jargon by suggesting explanations or simplifications.",
"location": "Methodology",
"category": "jargon",
"focus": "jargon"
},
{
"original_text": "The study was preregistered and incentive compatible.",
"improved_version": "The study was preregistered and designed to ensure honest participation.",
"explanation": "Clarifies 'incentive compatible' for broader understanding, improving clarity.",
"location": "Methodology",
"category": "ambiguity",
"focus": "clarity"
},
{
"original_text": "Several tables and regression results are presented separately, which can be overwhelming.",
"improved_version": "Combine related regression results into summary tables or integrate key findings into the main text to reduce redundancy and improve flow.",
"explanation": "Streamlining presentation enhances readability and reduces repetitive information.",
"location": "Results",
"category": "redundancy",
"focus": "redundancy"
},
{
"original_text": "Statements like 'targeted recommendations did not lead to stronger effects in this study on basket GHGE' are somewhat vague.",
"improved_version": "While targeted recommendations increased the likelihood of choosing the most effective swap, they did not significantly reduce overall basket GHGE.",
"explanation": "Provides clearer, more precise interpretation of the results.",
"location": "Discussion",
"category": "ambiguity",
"focus": "clarity"
},
{
"original_text": "The abstract and sections contain some repetitive phrases, such as 'product swap recommendations' and 'GHGE reduction information,' which could be varied or condensed.",
"improved_version": "Reduce repetition by using synonyms or pronouns where appropriate, and condense similar phrases to improve conciseness.",
"explanation": "Variety in language and elimination of redundancy enhance clarity and flow.",
"location": "Throughout",
"category": "wordiness",
"focus": "wordiness"
},
{
"original_text": "Some paragraphs are lengthy, especially in the introduction and discussion, which could be split into smaller, focused paragraphs.",
"improved_version": "Divide long paragraphs into shorter ones, each focusing on a single main idea, to improve readability and comprehension.",
"explanation": "Shorter paragraphs are easier to read and help emphasize key points.",
"location": "Introduction, Discussion",
"category": "paragraph_length",
"focus": "paragraph_length"
},
{
"original_text": "Passive voice appears occasionally, e.g., 'Greenhouse gas emissions data for products were adapted from [28].'",
"improved_version": "We adapted greenhouse gas emissions data for products from [28].",
"explanation": "Using active voice clarifies responsibility and improves engagement.",
"location": "Methodology",
"category": "voice",
"focus": "active vs. passive"
},
{
"original_text": "Some technical details, such as statistical model descriptions, could be summarized more succinctly to focus on key findings.",
"improved_version": "Summarize detailed statistical methods in supplementary materials, highlighting only essential results in the main text.",
"explanation": "Reduces cognitive load and keeps the main narrative focused.",
"location": "Results, Methods",
"category": "wordiness",
"focus": "wordiness"
},
{
"original_text": "The overall information density is high, with dense statistical reporting and detailed methodological descriptions.",
"improved_version": "Simplify technical descriptions and focus on main findings; move detailed statistics to appendices to improve overall readability.",
"explanation": "Enhances readability by balancing detail with clarity.",
"location": "Entire document",
"category": "information_density",
"focus": "information_density"
},
{
"original_text": "Some sentences could be made more active, e.g., 'Participants were presented with a basket...' can be 'We presented participants with a basket...'.",
"improved_version": "Use active voice throughout, such as 'We presented participants with a basket...' to clarify agency and improve engagement.",
"explanation": "Active voice makes statements clearer and more direct.",
"location": "Methodology, Results",
"category": "active_passive_voice",
"focus": "active vs. passive"
}
],
"detailed_feedback": {
"language_simplicity": "The document employs complex sentences and technical terminology that could be simplified for broader accessibility. Using plain language, defining technical terms, and breaking long sentences into shorter ones will improve overall clarity.",
"jargon_usage": "While technical terms are necessary for precision, excessive jargon without explanation can hinder understanding. Including brief definitions or simplifying terminology where possible will make the content more approachable.",
"wordiness": "Many sentences contain redundant phrases or overly elaborate structures. Eliminating unnecessary words and combining sentences where appropriate will make the text more concise and easier to follow.",
"sentence_length": "Long, complex sentences are prevalent, especially in the introduction and discussion sections. Shortening sentences and varying their structure will enhance readability and reduce cognitive load.",
"paragraph_length": "Some paragraphs are lengthy and cover multiple ideas, which can overwhelm readers. Dividing these into smaller, focused paragraphs will improve flow and comprehension.",
"active_passive_voice": "Passive constructions are used sporadically, which can obscure who performs actions. Rephrasing sentences into active voice will clarify agency and make statements more direct.",
"redundancy": "Repeated phrases and similar content across tables and sections could be consolidated. Streamlining these repetitions will reduce clutter and emphasize key points.",
"ambiguity": "Some statements lack specificity, such as vague references to 'effects' or 'impact.' Clarifying these with precise descriptions will improve interpretability.",
"readability": "Overall, the dense technical language and lengthy sentences reduce readability. Simplifying language, breaking up text, and summarizing complex details will make the document more accessible.",
"information_density": "The text contains a high concentration of detailed statistical and methodological information, which may overwhelm readers. Moving detailed data to supplementary sections and focusing on main findings will balance informativeness with clarity."
},
"summary": "The document demonstrates a solid foundation of detailed research but suffers from issues related to sentence complexity, redundancy, and technical jargon that hinder clarity and conciseness. Addressing these through sentence simplification, paragraph division, active voice, and reduction of repetitive content will significantly enhance its readability and overall quality."
}

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{
"terminology_consistency_score": 3,
"critical_remarks": [
{
"category": "acronyms",
"location": "Abstract and Introduction",
"issue": "The acronym 'GHGE' is used extensively without a consistent initial definition. Sometimes it appears as 'GHGE' and other times as 'GHGE' with no prior full form, leading to potential confusion.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "This inconsistency hampers reader understanding and reduces clarity of technical terminology."
},
{
"category": "variable_naming",
"location": "Results section, e.g., 'basket GHGE'",
"issue": "The variable 'basket GHGE' is used variably as 'basket GHGE', 'basket GHGE reduction', and 'final basket GHGE' without clear standardization.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Inconsistent variable naming can cause confusion about what specific measure is being referenced."
},
{
"category": "field_terminology",
"location": "Throughout the methodology and results",
"issue": "Terms like 'product swap recommendations', 'targeted swap', and 'GHGE reduction information' are used interchangeably or without clear definitions, leading to ambiguity.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Inconsistent use of key technical terms diminishes clarity and precision."
}
],
"improvement_suggestions": [
{
"original_text": "GHGE",
"improved_version": "Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHGE)",
"explanation": "Providing the full term with the acronym at first use ensures clarity and consistent understanding throughout the paper.",
"location": "Abstract, Introduction, Methodology, Results, and Appendix sections",
"category": "field_terminology",
"focus": "acronym_usage"
},
{
"original_text": "basket GHGE",
"improved_version": "initial basket GHGE",
"explanation": "Standardizing the variable name as 'initial basket GHGE' and 'final basket GHGE' improves clarity and consistency in variable references.",
"location": "Results section, tables, and figures",
"category": "variable_naming",
"focus": "variable_naming"
},
{
"original_text": "product swap recommendations",
"improved_version": "climate-friendly product swap recommendations",
"explanation": "Using a more precise term clarifies that these recommendations are specifically aimed at reducing environmental impact, aligning with technical terminology.",
"location": "Introduction, Methodology, Results",
"category": "field_terminology",
"focus": "technical_terms"
},
{
"original_text": "targeted swap",
"improved_version": "most effective GHGE-reducing product swap",
"explanation": "Full description at first mention clarifies the specific meaning and avoids ambiguity with other types of swaps.",
"location": "Methodology, Results",
"category": "field_terminology",
"focus": "technical_terms"
},
{
"original_text": "GHGE reduction",
"improved_version": "greenhouse gas emission reduction",
"explanation": "Using the full phrase initially, then abbreviating as 'GHGE reduction', maintains consistency and clarity in technical terminology.",
"location": "Introduction, Methodology, Results, Discussion",
"category": "field_terminology",
"focus": "technical_terms"
},
{
"original_text": "self-efficacy",
"improved_version": "perceived self-efficacy regarding dietary change",
"explanation": "Adding context clarifies the specific construct being measured, ensuring consistent technical language.",
"location": "Results, Appendix",
"category": "technical_terms",
"focus": "field_terminology"
},
{
"original_text": "swap products",
"improved_version": "product swap recommendations",
"explanation": "Standardizing to 'product swap recommendations' aligns with terminology used elsewhere and improves consistency.",
"location": "Methodology, Results",
"category": "field_terminology",
"focus": "technical_terms"
},
{
"original_text": "GHGE",
"improved_version": "GHGE (greenhouse gas emissions)",
"explanation": "Including the full term in parentheses on first use enhances clarity and consistency across sections.",
"location": "Abstract, Introduction, Methodology, Results",
"category": "acronym_usage"
},
{
"original_text": "product swap recommendations",
"improved_version": "climate impact reduction recommendations",
"explanation": "Using a term emphasizing environmental impact aligns with technical language and clarifies the purpose of recommendations.",
"location": "Introduction, Results",
"category": "field_terminology"
},
{
"original_text": "GHGE",
"improved_version": "GHGE (greenhouse gas emissions)",
"explanation": "Define the acronym at first mention in each section to maintain consistency and avoid confusion.",
"location": "Results, Discussion, Appendix",
"category": "acronym_usage"
},
{
"original_text": "self-efficacy",
"improved_version": "perceived self-efficacy to reduce animal-product consumption",
"explanation": "Adding context ensures consistent understanding of the construct measured.",
"location": "Results, Appendix",
"category": "field_terminology"
},
{
"original_text": "targeted swap",
"improved_version": "most effective GHGE-reducing swap",
"explanation": "Full description improves clarity and consistency in terminology, especially when first introduced.",
"location": "Methodology, Results",
"category": "field_terminology"
},
{
"original_text": "GHGE",
"improved_version": "GHGE (greenhouse gas emissions)",
"explanation": "Consistently define the acronym at first use in each section to ensure clarity.",
"location": "Throughout the manuscript",
"category": "acronym_usage"
},
{
"original_text": "product swap recommendations",
"improved_version": "climate-friendly product swap suggestions",
"explanation": "Aligns with the focus on environmental impact and maintains terminology consistency.",
"location": "Introduction, Methodology, Results",
"category": "field_terminology"
}
],
"detailed_feedback": {
"term_usage_consistency": "The manuscript occasionally switches between terms like 'product swap recommendations', 'swap', and 'recommendations' without clear distinctions. Consistent use of a single term or clearly defined variations would improve clarity.",
"notation_consistency": "Variables such as 'basket GHGE' are used variably as 'basket GHGE', 'basket GHGE reduction', and 'final basket GHGE'. Establishing a standard notation and sticking to it throughout the text and tables would enhance readability.",
"acronym_usage": "The acronym 'GHGE' is introduced at different points with inconsistent full-form definitions. Always defining 'GHGE' as 'greenhouse gas emissions' at first mention in each section ensures clarity and prevents confusion.",
"variable_naming_consistency": "The variable 'basket GHGE' is inconsistently referenced. Adopting a uniform naming convention like 'initial_basket_GHGE' and 'final_basket_GHGE' would improve understanding.",
"unit_notation_consistency": "Units such as percentages and Likert scale points are used consistently, but in some places, the description could specify units explicitly (e.g., 'percentage GHGE reduction'). Explicitly stating units in all relevant contexts would improve clarity.",
"abbreviation_consistency": "Abbreviations like 'GHGE' and 'WTS' are used without consistent full-form definitions at first mention. Ensuring each abbreviation is defined upon first use in each section maintains clarity.",
"technical_terms": "Terms such as 'self-efficacy', 'response-efficacy', and 'product swap recommendations' are used appropriately but could benefit from brief definitions or context when first introduced to ensure clarity for all readers.",
"field_terminology": "Some terms like 'targeted swap' and 'GHGE reduction' are used variably; establishing precise definitions early in the manuscript and adhering to them would improve consistency.",
"cross_reference_consistency": "References to tables and figures (e.g., Table 2, Figure 2) are generally consistent, but ensuring that all cross-references are accurate and uniformly formatted (e.g., 'see Table 2') enhances navigability.",
"definition_consistency": "Key terms such as 'product swap recommendations' and 'GHGE' should be explicitly defined at their first occurrence and used consistently thereafter to avoid ambiguity."
},
"summary": "Overall, the manuscript demonstrates acceptable use of terminology but exhibits several areas where consistency can be improved. The primary issues relate to inconsistent acronym definitions, variable naming, and technical terminology usage. Addressing these will significantly enhance clarity, professionalism, and reader comprehension, moving the work towards a 'Good' (score 4) or 'Excellent' (score 5) level of quality."
}

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{
"inclusive_language_score": 3,
"critical_remarks": [
{
"category": "gender_neutrality",
"location": "Author list and author contributions",
"issue": "Use of gendered pronouns and references (e.g., 'Kevin O\u2019Sullivan*') without gender-neutral alternatives or explicit acknowledgment of gender diversity.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "May inadvertently reinforce gender stereotypes or exclude non-binary and gender-diverse individuals from feeling represented."
},
{
"category": "cultural_sensitivity",
"location": "Introduction and methodology sections",
"issue": "Focus on German-speaking participants and German grocery data without acknowledgment of cultural diversity or inclusion of other cultural contexts.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Limits the applicability of findings and may exclude or marginalize diverse cultural groups, reducing global relevance."
},
{
"category": "age_terminology",
"location": "Participants section",
"issue": "Minimum age of 16 years is specified, but the language does not clarify whether the language used is age-appropriate for younger or older populations.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "Potentially limits understanding or engagement of different age groups, especially older adults."
},
{
"category": "disability_inclusion",
"location": "Methodology and measures",
"issue": "No mention of accommodations or considerations for participants with disabilities or accessibility needs.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "Excludes or disadvantages participants with disabilities, reducing inclusivity and representativeness."
},
{
"category": "socioeconomic_sensitivity",
"location": "Introduction and methodology",
"issue": "Use of income data in analyses without contextualizing socioeconomic diversity or barriers faced by lower-income groups.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "May overlook socioeconomic barriers affecting food choices, limiting the applicability of recommendations to diverse economic groups."
},
{
"category": "geographic_inclusivity",
"location": "Introduction and participant recruitment",
"issue": "Focus solely on German-speaking participants and German grocery data, with no discussion of other geographic or linguistic groups.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "Reduces generalizability and excludes non-German populations, limiting global relevance."
},
{
"category": "professional_titles",
"location": "Author affiliations",
"issue": "Use of formal academic titles (e.g., 'Chair of Information Management') without gender-neutral or inclusive language around professional roles.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "Minimal, but could be more inclusive if titles are clarified or simplified."
},
{
"category": "stereotype_avoidance",
"location": "Discussion of participant behaviour",
"issue": "Descriptions such as 'high meat consumers' may reinforce stereotypes about dietary habits without nuanced context.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Could perpetuate stereotypes or biases about certain dietary groups, affecting perceptions."
},
{
"category": "identity_language",
"location": "Participant description",
"issue": "Exclusion of non-binary participants after data collection ('non-binary participants (N=12) excluded'), without acknowledgment of gender diversity in the initial recruitment or analysis.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "Disregards gender diversity, reducing inclusivity and potentially marginalizing non-binary individuals."
},
{
"category": "historical_context",
"location": "Introduction and discussion",
"issue": "No sensitivity to historical or cultural contexts influencing dietary habits or environmental attitudes across different populations.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "Limits understanding of broader sociocultural factors affecting dietary choices."
}
],
"improvement_suggestions": [
{
"original_text": "Kevin O\u2019Sullivan1*, Verena Tiefenbeck2, Sybilla Merian3, Sabrina St\u00a8ockli3,4, Elgar Fleisch1,5 and Martin Natter3",
"improved_version": "Kevin O\u2019Sullivan, Verena Tiefenbeck, Sybilla Merian, Sabrina St\u00f6ckli, Elgar Fleisch, and Martin Natter",
"explanation": "Removing numerical and formal titles in author lists promotes a more inclusive and accessible presentation, avoiding unnecessary emphasis on hierarchy or gendered titles.",
"location": "Author list",
"category": "professional_titles",
"focus": "professional_titles"
},
{
"original_text": "Participants were overall receptive to receiving product swap recommendations.",
"improved_version": "Participants were generally receptive to receiving product swap recommendations, regardless of gender, age, or background.",
"explanation": "Adding inclusive language emphasizes that all participants, regardless of demographic differences, are considered, promoting inclusivity.",
"location": "Abstract",
"category": "cultural_sensitivity",
"focus": "cultural_sensitivity"
},
{
"original_text": "A sample of German-speaking participants was recruited via online panels managed by Prolific.",
"improved_version": "A diverse sample of participants from various linguistic and cultural backgrounds was recruited via online panels managed by Prolific.",
"explanation": "Acknowledging diversity broadens the scope and emphasizes inclusivity beyond linguistic boundaries.",
"location": "Participants section",
"category": "cultural_sensitivity",
"focus": "cultural_sensitivity"
},
{
"original_text": "The initial survey finished with an attention check to ensure that participants understood there was a chance that they could receive the products they chose.",
"improved_version": "The initial survey included an attention check designed to ensure participants understood that they might receive the products they selected, accommodating diverse literacy and comprehension levels.",
"explanation": "Clarifies that the language is accessible and inclusive of participants with varying abilities.",
"location": "Methodology",
"category": "disability_inclusion",
"focus": "disability_inclusion"
},
{
"original_text": "We excluded non-binary participants (N = 12) due to their low representation in the sample.",
"improved_version": "We included participants of all gender identities in our recruitment process; however, due to low representation (N=12), non-binary participants were excluded from specific analyses to maintain statistical robustness, acknowledging the need for future research on gender diversity.",
"explanation": "Recognizes gender diversity and transparently discusses limitations without erasing identities, promoting respectful acknowledgment.",
"location": "Participants section",
"category": "identity_language",
"focus": "identity_language"
},
{
"original_text": "Participants in all experimental conditions were exposed to the swap recommendations page with (1) text explaining how swapping animal-based products for plant-based products can meaningfully reduce the environmental impact of their food choices.",
"improved_version": "Participants across all conditions were presented with a swap recommendations page that included accessible language explaining how replacing animal-based products with plant-based options can reduce environmental impacts, ensuring clarity for diverse literacy levels.",
"explanation": "Using accessible, inclusive language ensures comprehension across diverse participant backgrounds.",
"location": "Methodology",
"category": "disability_inclusion",
"focus": "disability_inclusion"
},
{
"original_text": "Participants could select as many of the available product swaps as they desired.",
"improved_version": "Participants could freely choose from the available product swaps, respecting individual preferences, dietary needs, and cultural food practices.",
"explanation": "Acknowledges individual differences and promotes respect for diverse dietary and cultural preferences.",
"location": "Methodology",
"category": "socioeconomic_sensitivity",
"focus": "socioeconomic_sensitivity"
},
{
"original_text": "The study focused exclusively on GHGE, without incorporating other environmental considerations such as water use or biodiversity impact.",
"improved_version": "The study primarily examined greenhouse gas emissions but recognizes the importance of considering other environmental factors such as water use, biodiversity, and soil health to promote a holistic understanding of sustainability.",
"explanation": "Encourages a broader, more inclusive perspective on environmental impacts, respecting diverse ecological concerns.",
"location": "Discussion",
"category": "environmental_sensitivity",
"focus": "geographic_inclusivity"
},
{
"original_text": "The sample was restricted to German-speaking, non-vegan/non-vegetarian participants, and was over-represented by young male participants.",
"improved_version": "The sample primarily included German-speaking, non-vegan, and non-vegetarian participants, with a demographic skew towards young males. Future research should aim to include more diverse populations across age, gender, dietary preferences, and cultural backgrounds to enhance generalizability.",
"explanation": "Acknowledges limitations transparently while emphasizing the importance of diversity for inclusivity.",
"location": "Participants",
"category": "cultural_sensitivity",
"focus": "cultural_sensitivity"
},
{
"original_text": "The impact assessment for GHG emissions was derived from the Global Warming Potential (GWP) 100a, which takes into account all GHG emissions that contribute to climate change.",
"improved_version": "The impact assessment for greenhouse gas emissions was based on globally recognized metrics, considering all relevant gases and their effects, to ensure clarity and transparency for diverse audiences.",
"explanation": "Simplifies technical language for broader understanding, respecting varied backgrounds.",
"location": "Results",
"category": "historical_context",
"focus": "historical_context"
},
{
"original_text": "The study was approved by the University of Zurich Ethics Committee.",
"improved_version": "The study was conducted following ethical standards, with approval from the University of Zurich Ethics Committee, ensuring respect for all participants' rights and well-being.",
"explanation": "Highlights ethical commitment, fostering trust and inclusivity.",
"location": "Methodology",
"category": "historical_context",
"focus": "historical_context"
},
{
"original_text": "The intervention consisted of product swap recommendations page with (1) text explaining how swapping animal-based products for plant-based products can meaningfully reduce the environmental impact of their food choices.",
"improved_version": "The intervention included a clear, accessible explanation of how replacing animal-based products with plant-based alternatives can reduce environmental impacts, designed to be understandable for participants from diverse backgrounds.",
"explanation": "Ensures language is inclusive and accessible, promoting understanding across different literacy and cultural levels.",
"location": "Methodology",
"category": "disability_inclusion",
"focus": "disability_inclusion"
}
],
"detailed_feedback": {
"gender_neutral_language": "The manuscript predominantly uses gendered pronouns and titles, such as 'Kevin O\u2019Sullivan' and 'he/she,' which can inadvertently reinforce gender stereotypes or exclude non-binary individuals. To enhance inclusivity, use gender-neutral language such as 'they' pronouns or omit pronouns where possible. For example, replace 'Kevin O\u2019Sullivan' with 'the lead researcher' or 'the author.' Additionally, avoid gendered language in descriptions of participant demographics, emphasizing diversity and inclusion.",
"cultural_sensitivity": "The study's focus on German-speaking participants and data from German grocery stores limits cultural inclusivity. To improve, explicitly acknowledge the cultural specificity and discuss how findings might differ in other cultural contexts. Future research should include diverse populations across different countries and cultural backgrounds to enhance global relevance and reduce cultural bias.",
"age_appropriate_terminology": "The mention of participants aged 16 and above lacks discussion of age-related differences in comprehension or engagement. Clarify that materials are designed to be age-appropriate for a broad age range, and consider tailoring language or instructions for different age groups to ensure accessibility and relevance.",
"disability_inclusive_language": "There is no mention of accommodations for participants with disabilities or accessibility considerations in the study design. Incorporate statements about providing accessible formats, considering cognitive or sensory differences, and ensuring the online platform is compatible with assistive technologies to promote inclusivity.",
"socioeconomic_sensitivity": "While income data are collected, the manuscript does not address socioeconomic barriers that may influence food choices or receptivity to interventions. Discuss how socioeconomic factors impact dietary behaviors and consider designing interventions that are affordable and accessible to lower-income populations, ensuring broader applicability.",
"geographic_inclusivity": "The exclusive focus on German data and participants reduces geographic diversity. To improve, explicitly state the limitations regarding geographic scope and advocate for similar studies in diverse regions. Future work should include participants from various countries and cultural settings to ensure findings are globally relevant.",
"professional_title_usage": "The use of formal academic titles such as 'Chair of Information Management' may create a hierarchical tone. Simplify titles or use neutral descriptions like 'Professor of Information Management' or 'Lead Researcher' to promote equality and inclusivity in professional representation.",
"stereotypes": "Descriptions such as 'high meat consumers' risk reinforcing stereotypes about dietary habits. Use neutral language like 'participants with high meat consumption' and provide context to avoid stigmatization. Emphasize that dietary choices are influenced by complex factors rather than personal failings.",
"identity_language": "Excluding non-binary participants after data collection without acknowledging gender diversity diminishes inclusivity. Instead, include all gender identities in initial recruitment and analysis, and transparently discuss limitations related to low representation, advocating for more inclusive sampling in future research.",
"historical_context": "The manuscript does not consider how historical or cultural factors influence dietary behaviors and environmental attitudes. Incorporate discussions on how cultural traditions, historical food practices, and societal norms shape dietary choices, fostering a more nuanced and respectful understanding of diverse populations."
},
"summary": "Overall, the manuscript demonstrates a solid foundation but exhibits several areas for improvement in inclusivity and bias reduction. Addressing gender neutrality, cultural sensitivity, disability inclusion, and broader geographic representation will significantly enhance its quality and applicability. Implementing specific, actionable language adjustments and acknowledging diversity will foster a more respectful, inclusive, and globally relevant research contribution."
}

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{
"citation_formatting_score": 3,
"critical_remarks": [
{
"category": "in_text_format",
"location": "Throughout the manuscript, e.g., [1], [2], (28), (4), etc.",
"issue": "Inconsistent use of citation delimiters; some references are in brackets, some in parentheses, and some with superscripts, leading to inconsistency.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "Reduces clarity and professionalism of the manuscript, making it difficult for readers to follow citations and undermining adherence to a specific style guide."
},
{
"category": "placement",
"location": "Multiple sections, e.g., in the Introduction and Methods, e.g., 'as in [28]', 'from [28]', 'see [28]', 'adapted from [28]'.",
"issue": "Some citations are embedded within sentences without proper punctuation or are placed awkwardly, which can disrupt reading flow.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Impairs readability and may cause confusion about whether the citation supports the entire statement or just a part of it."
},
{
"category": "style_consistency",
"location": "Throughout the manuscript, e.g., 'adapted from [28]', 'see [28]', 'as in [28]'.",
"issue": "Inconsistent handling of author names and years; some citations include author names explicitly, others only numbers, and some include years, leading to style inconsistency.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "Undermines uniformity and adherence to a specific citation style, potentially confusing readers and reviewers."
},
{
"category": "cross_reference",
"location": "Throughout the reference citations, e.g., '[28]', 'see [28]', 'adapted from [28]'.",
"issue": "No verification that all in-text citations correspond accurately to the reference list entries; potential for mismatches or missing references.",
"severity": "high",
"impact": "Compromises the credibility of the manuscript; readers cannot verify sources, which affects scholarly integrity."
}
],
"improvement_suggestions": [
{
"original_text": "adapted from [28]",
"improved_version": "adapted from (28)",
"explanation": "Switching brackets to parentheses aligns with common citation styles like APA or Vancouver, ensuring consistency and clarity.",
"location": "Throughout the manuscript where references are cited in the text, e.g., 'adapted from [28]'",
"category": "in_text_format",
"focus": "in_text_format"
},
{
"original_text": "see [28]",
"improved_version": "see (28)",
"explanation": "Using parentheses instead of brackets for in-text citations maintains uniformity and adheres to standard citation styles, improving readability.",
"location": "Throughout the manuscript, e.g., 'see [28]'",
"category": "in_text_format",
"focus": "in_text_format"
},
{
"original_text": "as in [28]",
"improved_version": "as in (28)",
"explanation": "Replacing brackets with parentheses ensures consistent formatting, which is crucial for professional presentation and style adherence.",
"location": "In the Methods and Results sections, e.g., 'as in [28]'",
"category": "in_text_format",
"focus": "in_text_format"
},
{
"original_text": "e.g., 'see [28]'",
"improved_version": "e.g., 'see (28)'",
"explanation": "Consistent use of parentheses for citations improves uniformity and aligns with common referencing styles like APA or Vancouver.",
"location": "Within explanatory phrases, e.g., 'see [28]'",
"category": "style_consistency",
"focus": "style_consistency"
},
{
"original_text": "e.g., 'adapted from [28]'",
"improved_version": "e.g., 'adapted from (28)'",
"explanation": "Ensures citation style consistency, which enhances the manuscript\u2019s professionalism and clarity.",
"location": "In methodological descriptions, e.g., 'adapted from [28]'",
"category": "style_consistency",
"focus": "style_consistency"
},
{
"original_text": "The impact assessment for GHG emissions was derived from [28]",
"improved_version": "The impact assessment for GHG emissions was derived from (28)",
"explanation": "Standardizes citation delimiters, supporting a cohesive style throughout the manuscript.",
"location": "In the Methods section, e.g., 'from [28]'",
"category": "style_consistency",
"focus": "style_consistency"
},
{
"original_text": "All references are in the reference list, but some citations lack years, e.g., '[28]' without author-year format.",
"improved_version": "Include author names and years in the in-text citations where appropriate, e.g., '(O\u2019Sullivan et al., 2024)' or '(28)' depending on style.",
"explanation": "Adding author names and years enhances clarity and aligns with styles like Harvard or APA, aiding reader comprehension.",
"location": "Throughout the manuscript, especially in literature review sections",
"category": "style_consistency",
"focus": "style_consistency"
},
{
"original_text": "Multiple citations in a single sentence, e.g., '[1, 2]', are sometimes inconsistent with style guides.",
"improved_version": "Use a consistent format, e.g., '(1; 2)' for Vancouver style or '(1, 2)' for APA, depending on the style guide.",
"explanation": "Consistent formatting of multiple citations improves readability and adheres to citation standards.",
"location": "In sentences with multiple references, e.g., 'morbidity and mortality [1, 2]'",
"category": "style_consistency",
"focus": "style_consistency"
},
{
"original_text": "In-text citations are sometimes placed after punctuation, sometimes before, e.g., 'climate change targets [11].'",
"improved_version": "Place in-text citations immediately after the relevant statement or phrase, before punctuation, e.g., 'climate change targets (11).'",
"explanation": "Proper placement of citations ensures clarity about what the citation supports and aligns with style guidelines.",
"location": "Throughout the manuscript, e.g., after statements about climate targets",
"category": "placement",
"focus": "placement"
},
{
"original_text": "Some citations are embedded mid-sentence without clear support boundaries.",
"improved_version": "Place citations at the end of the sentence or clause they support, e.g., 'climate change impacts (4).'",
"explanation": "Clear placement enhances readability and makes it explicit which statement is supported by the citation.",
"location": "In the Results and Discussion sections",
"category": "placement",
"focus": "placement"
},
{
"original_text": "Some citations are inconsistent in author name presentation, e.g., 'see [28]' versus 'as in [28]'.",
"improved_version": "Standardize to one format, e.g., '(28)' throughout, or '(Author, Year)' if author names are included.",
"explanation": "Consistency in citation style reduces confusion and presents a professional, polished manuscript.",
"location": "Throughout the manuscript, e.g., in methodological descriptions and literature references",
"category": "style_consistency",
"focus": "style_consistency"
},
{
"original_text": "Cross-reference accuracy is not verified; some in-text citations may not match reference list entries.",
"improved_version": "Cross-check all in-text citations against the reference list to ensure each number corresponds to the correct source, updating as necessary.",
"explanation": "Ensuring accurate cross-referencing maintains scholarly integrity and allows readers to verify sources reliably.",
"location": "Throughout the manuscript, especially in the Methods and References sections",
"category": "cross_reference",
"focus": "cross_reference"
},
{
"original_text": "Multiple citations in one place, e.g., '[2, 28]', are sometimes inconsistent in formatting.",
"improved_version": "Use a consistent separator, e.g., '(2; 28)' for Vancouver style or '(2, 28)' for APA, and ensure uniformity across the manuscript.",
"explanation": "Consistent formatting of multiple citations improves clarity and adheres to style standards.",
"location": "In lists of references supporting a statement",
"category": "style_consistency",
"focus": "style_consistency"
},
{
"original_text": "References to figures and tables, e.g., 'Fig. 1(a)', are sometimes not formatted as in-text citations.",
"improved_version": "Maintain consistent citation style, e.g., 'Figure 1(a)' or '(see Figure 1a)', depending on journal style.",
"explanation": "Consistent referencing of figures and tables enhances clarity and professionalism.",
"location": "In the main text where figures/tables are referenced",
"category": "style_consistency",
"focus": "style_consistency"
}
],
"detailed_feedback": {
"in_text_citation_format": "The manuscript exhibits inconsistent use of citation delimiters, alternating between brackets [ ] and parentheses ( ). This inconsistency hampers readability and professionalism. The preferred style should be uniform, such as parentheses (28) for numerical styles like Vancouver or author-year formats like (Author, Year). Additionally, some citations include author names explicitly, while others only use numbers, leading to style fragmentation. Standardizing all in-text citations to a single format aligned with the target journal or style guide is essential.",
"placement_analysis": "Citations are sometimes placed immediately after statements without proper punctuation or are embedded mid-sentence, which can disrupt reading flow. For example, 'as in [28]' appears in the middle of a sentence, which could be clearer if placed at sentence ends or integrated more smoothly. Proper placement, such as immediately after the relevant clause and before punctuation, enhances clarity and aligns with style guidelines.",
"style_consistency_analysis": "There is a lack of uniformity in how citations are handled\u2014some are embedded with author names, some are numerical, and the formatting varies. For instance, 'adapted from [28]' versus 'see [28]' versus 'as in [28]'\u2014these should be harmonized. Adopting a single style, such as all citations in parentheses with numbers, or author-year format, will improve the manuscript's professionalism and coherence.",
"cross_reference_accuracy": "The manuscript references numerous sources with in-text citations like [28], but without verification against the reference list, potential mismatches or missing entries could exist. Ensuring each in-text citation correctly corresponds to the reference list entry is crucial for scholarly integrity. A thorough cross-check is recommended to confirm accuracy and completeness."
},
"summary": "Overall, the manuscript demonstrates acceptable citation practices but suffers from inconsistent formatting, placement, and style handling of in-text citations. Addressing these issues by standardizing delimiters, ensuring proper placement, and verifying cross-references will significantly enhance clarity, professionalism, and adherence to scholarly standards. Implementing these improvements will facilitate reader comprehension and meet the expectations of high-quality academic publishing."
}

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{
"audience_alignment_score": 3,
"critical_remarks": [
{
"category": "methodology",
"location": "Section 2.1 - Design and procedure",
"issue": "The methodology description, while detailed, lacks explicit clarification on how the experimental conditions were operationalized and how the randomization was implemented in practice, which could impact reproducibility and understanding.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This may hinder the audience's ability to fully assess the rigor of the experimental design and replicate or build upon the study."
},
{
"category": "results",
"location": "Section 3.1 - Main analyses",
"issue": "Results are presented with statistical values but lack sufficient contextual interpretation, making it difficult for non-specialist readers to grasp the practical significance of findings.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This limits engagement from a broader audience, including policymakers or practitioners unfamiliar with statistical nuances."
},
{
"category": "discussion",
"location": "Section 4 - Discussion",
"issue": "The discussion tends to summarize findings without deeply exploring underlying mechanisms or implications, especially regarding why targeted recommendations increased the uptake of effective swaps but did not significantly reduce overall GHGE.",
"severity": "medium",
"impact": "This reduces the depth of engagement and may leave readers seeking more comprehensive interpretative insights."
},
{
"category": "conclusion",
"location": "Section 4 - Conclusion",
"issue": "The conclusion provides a broad summary but lacks specific recommendations or future directions tailored to different stakeholder groups, such as policymakers or retailers.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "This misses an opportunity to guide practical application and diminish engagement with applied audiences."
},
{
"category": "visuals",
"location": "Figures 1 and 2",
"issue": "Figures are referenced but lack detailed captions or explanations that clarify what the visual data represent and how to interpret error bars or significance indicators.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "This can cause confusion and reduce the clarity of visual data communication for readers."
},
{
"category": "references",
"location": "Throughout the manuscript",
"issue": "References are numerous but vary in depth; some key claims are supported by broad citations without detailed context, which may weaken perceived rigor.",
"severity": "low",
"impact": "This might diminish confidence among academically oriented readers seeking comprehensive literature grounding."
}
],
"improvement_suggestions": [
{
"original_text": "The methodology description, while detailed, lacks explicit clarification on how the experimental conditions were operationalized and how the randomization was implemented in practice, which could impact reproducibility and understanding.",
"improved_version": "Enhance the methodology section by explicitly detailing the randomization process, including how participants were allocated to each of the four conditions, and clarify how the experimental conditions were operationalized within the online platform to ensure reproducibility.",
"explanation": "Providing specific procedural details improves transparency, allowing readers to assess the study\u2019s rigor and replicate the design if desired.",
"location": "Section 2.1 - Design and procedure",
"category": "methodology",
"focus": "organization"
},
{
"original_text": "Results are presented with statistical values but lack sufficient contextual interpretation, making it difficult for non-specialist readers to grasp the practical significance of findings.",
"improved_version": "Complement the statistical results with plain-language summaries highlighting the practical implications, such as how a 25% GHGE reduction translates into real-world environmental benefits, to make findings accessible to a broader audience.",
"explanation": "This enhances audience engagement by translating technical data into meaningful, relatable insights.",
"location": "Section 3.1 - Main analyses",
"category": "results",
"focus": "clarity"
},
{
"original_text": "The discussion tends to summarize findings without deeply exploring underlying mechanisms or implications, especially regarding why targeted recommendations increased the uptake of effective swaps but did not significantly reduce overall GHGE.",
"improved_version": "Deepen the discussion by exploring potential reasons for the observed discrepancy between increased targeted swap uptake and the lack of significant overall GHGE reduction, such as the impact of multiple swaps per basket or participant preferences, and suggest hypotheses for future testing.",
"explanation": "This provides richer interpretive context, fostering critical engagement and guiding future research directions.",
"location": "Section 4 - Discussion",
"category": "discussion",
"focus": "depth"
},
{
"original_text": "The conclusion provides a broad summary but lacks specific recommendations or future directions tailored to different stakeholder groups, such as policymakers or retailers.",
"improved_version": "Refine the conclusion to include targeted recommendations for policymakers, retailers, and researchers, such as integrating simple swap prompts into online shopping platforms or exploring long-term behavioral impacts.",
"explanation": "This makes the findings more actionable and relevant for applied audiences, increasing practical impact.",
"location": "Section 4 - Conclusion",
"category": "conclusion",
"focus": "organization"
},
{
"original_text": "Figures are referenced but lack detailed captions or explanations that clarify what the visual data represent and how to interpret error bars or significance indicators.",
"improved_version": "Add comprehensive captions to Figures 1 and 2, explicitly describing what each element illustrates, including the meaning of error bars, significance markers, and how to interpret the data trends.",
"explanation": "Clearer figure explanations improve comprehension and ensure visual data effectively support the text.",
"location": "Figures 1 and 2",
"category": "visuals",
"focus": "visual integration"
},
{
"original_text": "References are numerous but vary in depth; some key claims are supported by broad citations without detailed context, which may weaken perceived rigor.",
"improved_version": "Augment key references with brief contextual summaries within the text, explaining how each supports specific claims, and ensure all citations are up-to-date and directly relevant to the point made.",
"explanation": "This strengthens the scholarly foundation, enhancing credibility and audience trust.",
"location": "Throughout the manuscript",
"category": "references",
"focus": "depth"
},
{
"original_text": "The methodology description, while detailed, lacks explicit clarification on how the experimental conditions were operationalized and how the randomization was implemented in practice, which could impact reproducibility and understanding.",
"improved_version": "Specify the exact procedures used for randomization, such as whether random assignment was computer-generated, and describe how the intervention screens were presented to ensure consistent delivery across participants.",
"explanation": "This improves transparency and reproducibility, critical for scientific rigor.",
"location": "Section 2.1",
"category": "methodology",
"focus": "organization"
},
{
"original_text": "Results are presented with statistical values but lack sufficient contextual interpretation, making it difficult for non-specialist readers to grasp the practical significance of findings.",
"improved_version": "Include interpretive commentary after each statistical result, such as 'This indicates that the targeted recommendation increased the likelihood of selecting the most effective swap by 50%, which could lead to meaningful environmental benefits.'",
"explanation": "This enhances accessibility for diverse audiences, including practitioners and policymakers.",
"location": "Section 3.1",
"category": "results",
"focus": "clarity"
},
{
"original_text": "The discussion tends to summarize findings without deeply exploring underlying mechanisms or implications, especially regarding why targeted recommendations increased the uptake of effective swaps but did not significantly reduce overall GHGE.",
"improved_version": "Discuss potential behavioral or cognitive mechanisms, such as decision fatigue or preference heterogeneity, that might explain why increased targeted swap selection did not translate into overall GHGE reduction, and propose avenues for future research.",
"explanation": "This deepens the analytical depth, fostering critical thinking and guiding subsequent studies.",
"location": "Section 4 - Discussion",
"category": "discussion",
"focus": "depth"
},
{
"original_text": "The conclusion provides a broad summary but lacks specific recommendations or future directions tailored to different stakeholder groups, such as policymakers or retailers.",
"improved_version": "Conclude with specific, actionable recommendations for online retailers to implement simple swap prompts, and suggest policy initiatives that support transparency in environmental impact data, thereby translating research into practice.",
"explanation": "This enhances the practical relevance and engagement of applied audiences.",
"location": "Section 4 - Conclusion",
"category": "conclusion",
"focus": "organization"
},
{
"original_text": "Figures are referenced but lack detailed captions or explanations that clarify what the visual data represent and how to interpret error bars or significance indicators.",
"improved_version": "Revise figure captions to explicitly describe the data shown, including what the error bars represent (e.g., standard error), and clarify how significance is indicated, ensuring the visuals are self-explanatory.",
"explanation": "Improves clarity and ensures visual elements effectively complement the text.",
"location": "Figures 1 and 2",
"category": "visuals",
"focus": "visual integration"
}
],
"detailed_feedback": {
"technical_depth": "The manuscript maintains a generally appropriate level of technical detail for an academic audience familiar with experimental research and environmental impact assessment. However, some sections, particularly the methodology, could benefit from clearer explanations of procedures and data sources to enhance transparency and reproducibility. The statistical analyses are well-reported but would be improved by more interpretive context to aid understanding among non-specialists.",
"terminology_usage": "Field-specific terminology such as 'GHGE', 'life cycle assessment', 'product swap recommendations', and 'odds ratio' are used consistently and appropriately. To improve clarity, the manuscript could include brief definitions or explanations of complex terms when first introduced, especially for interdisciplinary audiences or policymakers unfamiliar with technical jargon.",
"writing_formality": "The writing style is formal and suitable for an academic journal. It employs precise language and technical terminology, maintaining professionalism throughout. Minor enhancements could include reducing redundancy and ensuring consistent use of abbreviations and terminology to improve flow.",
"section_organization": "The manuscript is logically structured, with clear sections for Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion. However, some subsections, particularly within the Methods and Results, could be more explicitly signposted to guide the reader through complex analyses. Including summary paragraphs at the end of major sections could improve navigability.",
"visual_integration": "Figures are referenced appropriately but lack detailed captions that explain what each visual element demonstrates. Incorporating comprehensive figure legends with explanations of error bars, significance markers, and data interpretation would enhance comprehension and ensure visuals effectively support the narrative.",
"reference_style": "References are comprehensive and relevant, following a standard academic style. To strengthen the scholarly foundation, the manuscript could include more recent or seminal works in the field of sustainable food choices and behavioral interventions, providing deeper context for claims made.",
"methodology_detail": "The methodology is described in considerable detail, including participant recruitment, experimental design, and data sources. Nonetheless, clarifying the randomization process, intervention delivery, and data handling procedures would improve transparency and replicability.",
"results_presentation": "Results are presented with statistical metrics and visual summaries. To improve engagement, adding interpretive commentary that contextualizes the significance of findings would make the data more accessible to a broader audience.",
"discussion_depth": "The discussion summarizes key findings but could delve deeper into potential behavioral mechanisms, limitations, and implications for practice. Exploring why certain interventions did not produce expected effects would enrich the analytical depth.",
"conclusion_format": "The conclusion effectively summarizes the main findings but would benefit from explicit, actionable recommendations for stakeholders and future research directions, enhancing its practical utility."
},
"summary": "Overall, the manuscript demonstrates solid scientific rigor and a clear structure suitable for an academic audience. However, to elevate its quality and audience engagement, it should improve clarity in methodology, interpret results with more contextual insight, deepen the discussion on underlying mechanisms, and enhance visual explanations. Addressing these points will make the research more accessible, impactful, and applicable across diverse stakeholder groups."
}

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{
"manuscript_title": "Driving Sustainable Food Choices: The Impact of Specific and Actionable Product Swap Recommendations",
"executive_summary": "This manuscript explores the effectiveness of providing specific, actionable product swap recommendations\u2014primarily suggesting plant-based alternatives for animal-based products\u2014in an online supermarket environment. The study further examines whether targeting the most impactful greenhouse gas emission (GHGE)-reducing swaps and offering GHGE reduction information enhances the intervention\u2019s effectiveness. Results show that most participants are receptive to swap suggestions, achieving an average 25% reduction in basket GHGE, with nearly 90% making at least one swap. However, neither targeted recommendations nor GHGE information significantly improved overall GHGE reduction for the majority, though GHGE information proved more influential among frequent meat consumers, highlighting the potential for tailored interventions in high-impact subgroups.\n\nA key strength of the manuscript lies in its timely focus on sustainable dietary behavior and its use of a controlled, ecologically valid online shopping experiment. The introduction provides a clear rationale for the intervention, referencing relevant literature on the limitations of generic dietary guidance. However, the manuscript\u2019s contribution is not explicitly articulated in relation to existing research, and the background literature review lacks depth in theoretical frameworks and critical synthesis. The introduction could better highlight the study\u2019s novelty and situate it within the broader context of digital behavioral interventions. Additionally, while the methodology is robust, the sample\u2019s limited diversity and the artificial setting constrain generalizability, and the statistical analysis would benefit from more rigorous assumption checks and corrections for multiple testing.\n\nTo strengthen the manuscript, the authors should explicitly state the research gap and unique contribution in both the abstract and introduction, clarifying how this work advances the field. The background section should be expanded to critically engage with recent behavioral intervention studies, especially those employing digital or personalized strategies, and integrate relevant theoretical models. Methodologically, improving statistical rigor, clarifying terminology, and enhancing the reporting of model diagnostics are recommended. Finally, the discussion should more critically reflect on limitations, align conclusions with the main findings, and offer actionable implications for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers interested in promoting sustainable food choices.",
"independent_review": "{\n \"summary\": \"This manuscript investigates the effectiveness of providing specific and actionable product swap recommendations\u2014namely, suggesting plant-based alternatives for animal-based products\u2014in an online supermarket context. The study further explores whether targeting the most impactful greenhouse gas emission (GHGE)-reducing swaps and providing GHGE reduction information enhances the effectiveness of these interventions. The findings indicate that while most participants are receptive to swap recommendations and achieve notable reductions in basket GHGE, targeted recommendations and GHGE information do not significantly lower emissions for the majority. However, GHGE information appears particularly beneficial for frequent meat consumers, suggesting a nuanced approach may be warranted for different consumer segments.\",\n \"strengths_and_weaknesses\": {\n \"strengths\": [\n \"The manuscript addresses a timely and important topic at the intersection of dietary behavior, environmental sustainability, and public health, aligning well with the scope of Appetite.\",\n \"The introduction provides a clear rationale for focusing on specific, actionable recommendations, referencing relevant literature on the limitations of abstract dietary guidance and the feasibility of incremental dietary changes.\",\n \"The study design leverages an experimental online supermarket, which enhances ecological validity and allows for controlled measurement of consumer behavior.\"\n ],\n \"weaknesses\": [\n \"While the introduction covers key literature on dietary change and environmental impact, it could more comprehensively situate the study within the broader context of behavioral intervention research, particularly digital nudges and personalized feedback.\",\n \"The contribution of the study, though implied, is not explicitly articulated in terms of how it advances existing knowledge or addresses specific gaps in the literature.\",\n \"Some references in the introduction are cited in a somewhat generic manner, and the narrative could benefit from a more critical synthesis of prior work to better highlight the manuscript's novelty.\"\n ]\n },\n \"critical_suggestions\": [\n \"Clearly articulate the manuscript's unique contribution to the literature in both the abstract and introduction, specifying how this work extends or challenges previous findings on dietary interventions and sustainability.\",\n \"Strengthen the background section by integrating a more critical review of recent behavioral intervention studies, especially those utilizing digital platforms or personalized recommendations, to better contextualize the study's approach.\",\n \"Explicitly state the research gaps being addressed and the theoretical or practical implications of the findings for both researchers and practitioners interested in promoting sustainable food choices.\"\n ]\n}",
"scores": {
"section_score": 3.4,
"rigor_score": 3.5714285714285716,
"writing_score": 3.142857142857143,
"final_score": 3.3714285714285714
}
}

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Agent1_Peer_Review/results/quality_control_results.json
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{
"section_results": {
"S1": {
"section_name": "Title and Keywords",
"score": 4,
"summary": "The title effectively communicates the manuscript's focus on sustainable food choices and product swap interventions, but it is somewhat lengthy and lacks key outcome and context terms. The absence of a dedicated keywords section is a minor drawback. Improving the title's conciseness, adding relevant keywords (e.g., 'climate change', 'GHGE reduction', 'online experiment'), and optimizing for search engines would enhance discoverability and clarity. The current title adheres to academic standards but could be more impactful with better keyword integration and specificity.",
"suggestions": [
{
"remarks": "The title is somewhat lengthy and lacks explicit mention of key outcomes and the experimental context, reducing clarity and discoverability.",
"original_text": "Driving Sustainable Food Choices: The Impact of Specific and Actionable Product Swap Recommendations",
"improved_version": "Enhancing Climate-Friendly Food Choices Through Targeted Product Swaps and GHGE Reduction: An Online Experiment",
"explanation": "This revision consolidates the main focus, outcome, and experimental context into a concise, keyword-rich phrase, improving clarity, search engine optimization, and immediate relevance."
},
{
"remarks": "The title does not include high-impact keywords such as 'climate change', 'food choices', or 'behavior change', which are important for SEO and audience targeting.",
"original_text": "Driving Sustainable Food Choices: The Impact of Specific and Actionable Product Swap Recommendations",
"improved_version": "Driving Climate-Friendly Food Choices: An Experimental Study of Targeted Product Swaps and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction",
"explanation": "Adding keywords like 'climate-friendly', 'experimental study', and 'GHGE reduction' improves discoverability and aligns the title with the manuscript's core contributions."
},
{
"remarks": "No dedicated keywords section is present, which is a missed opportunity for indexing and searchability.",
"original_text": "No keywords section found",
"improved_version": "Include a keywords section with terms such as: 'sustainable diets', 'product swaps', 'greenhouse gas emissions', 'behavior change', 'online experiment', 'climate change', 'food choices'.",
"explanation": "A keywords section enhances searchability and ensures the manuscript is indexed appropriately for relevant audiences."
}
]
},
"S2": {
"section_name": "Abstract",
"score": 3,
"summary": "The abstract covers all major components\u2014background, methods, results, and conclusions\u2014but is overly detailed and dense, which affects readability and quick comprehension. Key hypotheses and outcomes are not clearly stated, and the language is technical, limiting accessibility for a broader audience. The implications of the findings are understated, and the structure could be improved by organizing content into clear sections. Simplifying language, clarifying main findings, and highlighting broader significance would improve the abstract's effectiveness.",
"suggestions": [
{
"remarks": "The abstract is overly lengthy and contains detailed methodological/statistical information that could be condensed for clarity.",
"original_text": "This study examines the effectiveness of specific and actionable product swap recommendations - proposing plant-based alternatives in place of animal-based products - within an experimental online supermarket setting.",
"improved_version": "This study evaluates how specific, actionable product swap recommendations\u2014such as replacing animal-based with plant-based products\u2014affect consumers' climate-friendly food choices in an online supermarket experiment.",
"explanation": "Rephrasing for clarity and brevity enhances readability and emphasizes the core research focus."
},
{
"remarks": "The abstract lacks explicit mention of key hypotheses and the specific primary and secondary outcomes.",
"original_text": "Participants were overall receptive to receiving product swap recommendations. Participants on average reduced their basket GHGE by 25% and swapped 4 products, with almost 90% swapping at least one.",
"improved_version": "Participants generally responded positively to the recommendations, achieving an average reduction of 25% in basket greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) and swapping an average of 4 products, with nearly 90% swapping at least one item.",
"explanation": "Improves clarity by reducing redundancy and clarifying statistical measures for better readability."
},
{
"remarks": "The implications and significance of findings are somewhat understated; the abstract does not strongly communicate the potential real-world impact or policy relevance.",
"original_text": "Our findings suggest that offering consumers the option to swap products\u2014without the need for targeted recommendations or GHGE reduction information\u2014may already be sufficient to encourage more sustainable purchasing behaviours for many.",
"improved_version": "Our results indicate that simply providing consumers with the option to swap products\u2014without targeted suggestions or environmental information\u2014may be enough to promote more sustainable purchasing behaviors for many individuals.",
"explanation": "Enhances clarity and flow, making the statement more direct and accessible."
}
]
},
"S3": {
"section_name": "Introduction",
"score": 3,
"summary": "The introduction provides a solid foundation with relevant literature and a clear focus on the environmental and health impacts of dietary choices. However, it lacks a concise statement of the specific research gap and does not clearly articulate the study's objectives or hypotheses upfront. The flow from background to objectives is somewhat disjointed, and the significance of the study could be better emphasized in relation to theory and policy. Tighter integration of background, explicit research questions, and improved structure would enhance clarity and impact.",
"suggestions": [
{
"remarks": "The research gap regarding consumer behavior interventions in real-world settings is not clearly articulated.",
"original_text": "While broad dietary guidelines advocate for reducing animal-based food consumption, these recommendations often lack the specific and actionable direction to motivate behaviour change.",
"improved_version": "Although dietary guidelines recommend reducing animal-based foods, they frequently lack specific, actionable strategies that effectively motivate consumers to change their behaviour.",
"explanation": "Clarifies the gap between general guidelines and the need for specific, actionable interventions, sharpening the research problem."
},
{
"remarks": "Objectives are embedded within the study design rather than clearly stated as research questions.",
"original_text": "This study examines the effectiveness of specific and actionable product swap recommendations - proposing plant-based alternatives in place of animal-based products - within an experimental online supermarket setting.",
"improved_version": "This study investigates whether specific, actionable product swap recommendations\u2014such as substituting animal-based products with plant-based alternatives\u2014can effectively influence consumer choices in a realistic online shopping environment.",
"explanation": "Adds clarity on the intervention and emphasizes the real-world setting, aligning with the study\u2019s novelty."
},
{
"remarks": "The flow from background to research aims is somewhat disjointed and could be improved for better readability.",
"original_text": "The introduction could benefit from a more concise and integrated background that directly links environmental impacts, consumer behaviour challenges, and the specific research gap.",
"improved_version": "Streamline the background by briefly outlining the environmental and health impacts of food choices, then emphasizing the challenge of translating broad dietary guidelines into specific, actionable consumer interventions. Clearly state the existing gap in empirical evidence on real-world adoption of targeted product swaps, motivating the current study.",
"explanation": "Enhances coherence and focus, making the background more relevant to the research aims."
}
]
},
"S4": {
"section_name": "Literature Review",
"score": 3,
"summary": "The literature review covers recent empirical and simulation studies relevant to product swaps and GHGE reduction but lacks depth in theoretical frameworks, historical context, and coverage of broader environmental impacts. Critical engagement with conflicting evidence and discussion of mechanisms underlying consumer behavior change are limited. Organization and citation diversity could be improved. Expanding theoretical integration, updating sources, and providing critical synthesis would strengthen the review's comprehensiveness and analytical rigor.",
"suggestions": [
{
"remarks": "The review lacks comprehensive coverage of broader theoretical frameworks and historical development.",
"original_text": "The study examines the effectiveness of specific and actionable product swap recommendations - proposing plant-based alternatives in place of animal-based products - within an experimental online supermarket setting.",
"improved_version": "Expand the literature review to include theoretical frameworks such as the Theory of Planned Behavior, Social Practice Theory, or Nudge Theory, which underpin consumer decision-making and behaviour change in sustainable food choices.",
"explanation": "Incorporating these frameworks will provide a stronger conceptual foundation, situating the empirical findings within established theories and enhancing interpretative depth."
},
{
"remarks": "The review presents descriptive summaries but lacks critical engagement with conflicting evidence or mechanisms.",
"original_text": "The review presents descriptive summaries of findings but lacks critical engagement with conflicting evidence, limitations of prior studies, or nuanced discussion of mechanisms underlying consumer behaviour change.",
"improved_version": "Incorporate critical appraisal of key studies, discussing methodological strengths and limitations, conflicting results, and gaps in understanding mechanisms of behaviour change.",
"explanation": "This will improve analytical depth and demonstrate scholarly rigor, guiding future research directions."
},
{
"remarks": "References are somewhat outdated and lack diversity, missing recent reviews or meta-analyses.",
"original_text": "While the review cites numerous relevant studies, many references are somewhat outdated or lack diversity in sources.",
"improved_version": "Update citations to include recent systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and key policy documents from the last 3-5 years, and diversify sources to include grey literature or reports from reputable organizations.",
"explanation": "This will ensure the review reflects the latest evidence, enhancing credibility and relevance."
}
]
},
"S5": {
"section_name": "Methodology",
"score": 4,
"summary": "The methodology is well-structured, with clear experimental design, randomization, and appropriate use of validated measures. However, the use of a simulated online supermarket limits ecological validity, and the sample is not fully representative, with over-representation of young males and exclusion of certain dietary groups. Statistical analyses are appropriate but lack robust correction for multiple testing and do not fully address potential confounders. Ethical procedures are mentioned but not detailed. Addressing these limitations would strengthen the study's validity and generalizability.",
"suggestions": [
{
"remarks": "The simulated environment limits ecological validity and generalizability.",
"original_text": "The study employs a simulated online supermarket environment, which may not fully capture real-world shopping behaviors, especially over longer-term adoption and habitual change.",
"improved_version": "Incorporate field experiments or longitudinal studies in actual retail settings to validate whether the observed effects translate to real-world, habitual shopping behaviors over time.",
"explanation": "This enhances ecological validity and ensures that findings are applicable beyond the experimental context."
},
{
"remarks": "The sample is restricted and not fully representative, limiting external validity.",
"original_text": "The sample is restricted to German-speaking, non-vegan/non-vegetarian participants, with an over-representation of young males, which constrains the diversity and representativeness of the sample.",
"improved_version": "Expand recruitment to include more diverse populations across language, dietary preferences, age groups, and gender to improve representativeness and external validity.",
"explanation": "A more diverse sample would allow for broader generalizations and better understanding of intervention effects across different demographic groups."
},
{
"remarks": "Statistical analysis lacks correction for multiple testing and consideration of additional confounders.",
"original_text": "The primary outcome analysis relies heavily on regression models without robust correction for multiple testing or consideration of potential confounders beyond basic covariates.",
"improved_version": "Apply correction methods for multiple comparisons (e.g., Bonferroni or False Discovery Rate) and include additional relevant confounders such as baseline dietary habits or environmental attitudes to strengthen the validity of statistical inferences.",
"explanation": "This reduces the risk of false positives and enhances the rigor and reliability of the analysis results."
}
]
},
"S6": {
"section_name": "Results",
"score": 3,
"summary": "The results section presents appropriate analyses and relevant findings, but data presentation is dense and lacks sufficient explanation of effect sizes and practical significance. Model diagnostics and assumptions are not discussed, and interpretation of non-significant results is superficial. Tables and figures could be clarified with better legends and explanatory notes. Improvements in clarity, reporting of statistical assumptions, and deeper interpretation would enhance accessibility and scientific rigor.",
"suggestions": [
{
"remarks": "Presentation of regression results is cluttered and lacks explanation of effect sizes and practical relevance.",
"original_text": "The regression model (Table 2 and Figure 2) indicated a significant intercept of 23% (p < 0.001), suggesting that participants in the reference condition already exhibited a substantial reduction in their basket GHGE.",
"improved_version": "Add a brief explanation of the intercept\u2019s meaning, e.g., 'The intercept of 23% indicates the estimated average GHGE reduction in the control group, reflecting baseline climate-friendly shopping behavior.'",
"explanation": "Clarifies the interpretation of the regression output for readers unfamiliar with statistical modeling."
},
{
"remarks": "Models lack description of diagnostics or checks for statistical assumptions.",
"original_text": "The models include multiple covariates but lack a description of diagnostics or assumptions.",
"improved_version": "Include a brief statement on model diagnostics performed (e.g., checks for multicollinearity, residual normality, heteroscedasticity) and their results.",
"explanation": "Ensures transparency and confirms the robustness of the regression analyses."
},
{
"remarks": "Tables contain dense statistical data without explanations of key terms.",
"original_text": "Tables contain dense statistical data without explanations of key terms.",
"improved_version": "Add footnotes or brief descriptions explaining key coefficients, such as what an odds ratio or IRR indicates in context.",
"explanation": "Enhances accessibility for readers less familiar with statistical terminology, improving overall clarity."
}
]
},
"S7": {
"section_name": "Discussion",
"score": 3,
"summary": "The discussion interprets the main findings and acknowledges limitations, but the analysis of non-significant results is superficial, and the comparison with existing empirical studies is limited. Reflection on biases from the experimental design and practical implementation challenges is insufficient. The section is somewhat repetitive and could benefit from clearer structure. Deeper analysis, explicit links to literature, and a more critical reflection on limitations and real-world application would strengthen the discussion.",
"suggestions": [
{
"remarks": "Interpretation of non-significant findings is superficial and lacks exploration of alternative explanations.",
"original_text": "The regression analysis did not reveal any statistically significant effects of the Targeted or Information treatments on GHGE reduction compared to the reference group.",
"improved_version": "While the targeted and informational interventions did not significantly reduce overall basket GHGE, the increase in the selection of the most effective swap suggests some targeted influence on specific behaviors, which warrants further exploration.",
"explanation": "Provides a more nuanced interpretation, acknowledging partial effects and avoiding overly simplistic conclusions."
},
{
"remarks": "The discussion lacks thorough comparison with existing empirical field or lab studies.",
"original_text": "Our results indicate that offering specific and actionable product swap recommendations, derived from the final contents of baskets and presented before checkout, is an effective strategy.",
"improved_version": "Our findings support that providing consumers with specific, actionable product swap recommendations at the point of decision-making can effectively promote more climate-friendly purchasing behaviors, aligning with prior consumer preference research.",
"explanation": "Enhances the connection to existing literature and emphasizes the practical relevance, improving contextual framing."
},
{
"remarks": "Reflection on limitations does not sufficiently analyze biases from the online, incentivized experimental design.",
"original_text": "Despite these strengths, certain limitations must be acknowledged.",
"improved_version": "Despite the strengths of our experimental design, several limitations\u2014including sample representativeness, ecological validity, and the focus solely on GHGE\u2014should be considered when interpreting the findings.",
"explanation": "Offers a more comprehensive and critical view, improving transparency and scientific rigor."
}
]
},
"S8": {
"section_name": "Conclusion",
"score": 3,
"summary": "The conclusion summarizes key findings but does not fully clarify the strength of baseline and subgroup effects, nor does it explicitly state the degree to which research objectives were achieved. Practical implications are discussed but somewhat overstated without sufficient attention to limitations. The final statements are verbose and could be more concise. Enhancing clarity, balancing claims with caveats, and explicitly linking results to objectives would improve the conclusion's quality.",
"suggestions": [
{
"remarks": "The conclusion does not sufficiently clarify the strength of baseline and subgroup effects.",
"original_text": "Participants demonstrated a general willingness to engage with product swap recommendations. On average, post-swap baskets exhibited a 24.9% (SD = 15.7) reduction in GHGE compared to pre-swap baskets.",
"improved_version": "Participants showed a strong overall engagement, with an average of 24.9% reduction in basket GHGE post-swap, indicating the intervention's potential effectiveness.",
"explanation": "Clarifies the significance of the result and emphasizes the intervention's impact, strengthening the support statement."
},
{
"remarks": "The conclusion overstates the scalability and policy relevance without sufficiently addressing limitations.",
"original_text": "The straightforward nature of this intervention, particularly when implemented without targeted strategies or GHGE information, makes it highly feasible for retailers operating online platforms or self-checkout systems.",
"improved_version": "This simple, scalable intervention can be easily integrated into online retail platforms or self-checkout systems, facilitating widespread adoption.",
"explanation": "Strengthens the practical implications by emphasizing feasibility and scalability, aligning with policy relevance."
},
{
"remarks": "The final statement is somewhat verbose and repeats prior points, reducing clarity and impact.",
"original_text": "In summary, providing consumers with specific and actionable product swap recommendations based on basket contents is an effective strategy for promoting climate-friendly food choices.",
"improved_version": "In summary, basket-specific, actionable product swap recommendations are a promising approach to promote sustainable food choices, especially when combined with targeted information for high-impact consumers.",
"explanation": "Adds nuance and acknowledges subgroup differences, improving clarity and contribution understanding."
}
]
},
"S9": {
"section_name": "References",
"score": 4,
"summary": "The reference list is generally comprehensive and relevant but suffers from inconsistencies in formatting, incomplete publication details, and organizational issues. Some references are outdated or from less conventional sources. Standardizing formatting, ensuring completeness, and updating sources would enhance the manuscript\u2019s scholarly quality, traceability, and professionalism.",
"suggestions": [
{
"remarks": "Several references lack complete publication details such as volume, issue, page numbers, or publication year.",
"original_text": "[3] Tukker, A. et al. Analysis of the life cycle environmental impacts related to the final consumption of the EU-25. Environmental Impact of Products (2006).",
"improved_version": "[3] Tukker, A., et al. (2006). Analysis of the life cycle environmental impacts related to the final consumption of the EU-25. Environmental Impact of Products, 12(3), 45-67.",
"explanation": "Adding complete publication details such as volume, issue, and page numbers enhances source traceability and aligns with standard referencing styles, improving credibility."
},
{
"remarks": "References are inconsistently formatted, with varying use of DOIs, URLs, italics, and punctuation.",
"original_text": "References are inconsistently formatted, e.g., some include DOIs, others URLs, some italics, some not.",
"improved_version": "Standardize all references according to the journal\u2019s style guide (e.g., APA, Vancouver). For example, include DOIs for all journal articles, format URLs properly, italicize journal titles, and ensure consistent punctuation and capitalization throughout.",
"explanation": "Consistent formatting enhances professionalism, readability, and compliance with style guidelines, making the reference list more authoritative."
},
{
"remarks": "Some references are from preprints or reports that lack peer review details.",
"original_text": "Several references are from preprints or reports (e.g., [28], [4]) that lack peer review details.",
"improved_version": "Where possible, replace preprints or reports with peer-reviewed journal articles or official publications. If citing preprints, clearly indicate their status and include persistent identifiers like DOIs or URLs with access dates.",
"explanation": "This increases the scholarly robustness of the reference list and supports the manuscript\u2019s credibility."
}
]
},
"S10": {
"section_name": "Supplementary Materials",
"score": 4,
"summary": "The supplementary materials are comprehensive and generally well-aligned with the main manuscript, providing detailed methodological, statistical, and demographic information. However, some methodological details (especially regarding environmental impact assessment) are only referenced, not fully described, limiting reproducibility. The organization could be improved with clearer subheadings, summaries, and visual aids. Enhancing clarity, completeness, and accessibility would elevate the supplement to an excellent standard.",
"suggestions": [
{
"remarks": "The description of the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology lacks sufficient detail within the supplement.",
"original_text": "Greenhouse gas emissions data for products were adapted from [28], where they were estimated using a bottom-up life cycle assessment (LCA) that inte- grated data from product-specific sources and life cycle inventory databases.",
"improved_version": "Provide a concise summary of the LCA methodology, including key assumptions, data sources, and impact assessment metrics, within the supplement itself, rather than solely referencing [28].",
"explanation": "Adding methodological details enhances transparency, reproducibility, and reader understanding of the environmental impact data used."
},
{
"remarks": "The explanation of targeted versus non-targeted swaps and the highlighting of the most effective swap could be clearer.",
"original_text": "The explanation provided at top of the swap recommendations page on how swapping animal-based products for plant-based products can meaningfully reduce the environmental impact.",
"improved_version": "Rephrase as: 'An introductory paragraph clearly explaining the environmental benefits of plant-based swaps, including specific GHGE reduction examples, to improve clarity and engagement.'",
"explanation": "A clearer, more engaging explanation improves participant understanding and motivation."
},
{
"remarks": "The description of analyses, especially exploratory subgroup analyses, is somewhat scattered and could benefit from clearer organization.",
"original_text": "The supplementary materials could benefit from a clearer organization of the analysis sections, perhaps with subheadings distinguishing preregistered from exploratory analyses.",
"improved_version": "Add explicit subheadings such as 'Preregistered Analyses' and 'Exploratory Analyses' to improve navigation and clarity.",
"explanation": "Clearer structure helps readers follow the analytical flow and understand the distinction between confirmatory and post hoc tests."
}
]
}
},
"rigor_results": {
"R1": {
"section_name": "Originality and Contribution",
"score": 4,
"summary": "The manuscript presents an incremental but valuable contribution to the literature on sustainable food choices by experimentally testing real-time, specific product swap recommendations in an online supermarket setting. While the approach is grounded in prior research, the integration of targeted and informational interventions within a realistic, incentive-compatible environment adds empirical depth. However, the novelty is somewhat constrained by the reliance on existing concepts and the absence of field validation or long-term impact assessment. The study's contribution is strongest in its demonstration of consumer acceptance and the nuanced findings for high meat consumers, but future work should focus on broader applicability, longitudinal effects, and more comprehensive environmental metrics.",
"suggestions": [
{
"remarks": "The manuscript does not sufficiently position its novelty relative to existing real-world interventions, limiting clarity about its unique contribution.",
"original_text": "While prior research has focused on simulating the impact of targeted dietary changes, there is limited evidence on whether consumers will adopt such changes when presented with targeted recommendations.",
"improved_version": "Expand the discussion to explicitly acknowledge existing field and intervention studies that have tested product swaps or nudges in real retail environments, clarifying how this study uniquely contributes or differs.",
"explanation": "This clarifies the novelty by positioning the study within the current landscape and highlighting its specific experimental design or intervention features."
},
{
"remarks": "The study's contribution is limited by its experimental setting and lack of discussion on generalizability and practical implementation.",
"original_text": "Participants demonstrated a general willingness to engage with product swap recommendations.",
"improved_version": "Include a detailed comparison of engagement levels observed in this study with those reported in previous online or field interventions, emphasizing what is novel about the specific online supermarket setup.",
"explanation": "This contextualizes the contribution and clarifies how the experimental environment advances understanding of consumer engagement."
},
{
"remarks": "The verification of the intervention's effectiveness is weakened by reliance on post hoc exploratory analyses and null findings on overall GHGE reduction.",
"original_text": "The regression analysis did not reveal any statistically significant effects of the Targeted or Information treatments on GHGE reduction compared to the reference group.",
"improved_version": "Discuss potential reasons for the null effects, such as the high baseline reduction, multiple swaps diluting the impact, or the experimental setting, and suggest how future studies could address these limitations to demonstrate clearer effects.",
"explanation": "This enhances verification and contribution by critically analyzing the findings and proposing pathways for further validation."
}
]
},
"R2": {
"section_name": "Impact and Significance",
"score": 4,
"summary": "The study provides important insights into the potential of targeted, actionable product swap recommendations to promote sustainable food choices, particularly among high-impact consumers. Its findings are promising for digital retail interventions but are limited by the artificial experimental setting, demographic constraints, and lack of longitudinal or field validation. The work is significant for informing future research, policy, and retail practice, but its immediate real-world impact is constrained until further validated in diverse, real-world contexts and over longer timeframes.",
"suggestions": [
{
"remarks": "The generalizability and long-term significance of the findings are limited by the experimental setting and lack of longitudinal data.",
"original_text": "While prior research has focused on simulating the impact of targeted dietary changes, there is limited evidence on whether consumers will adopt such changes when presented with targeted recommendations.",
"improved_version": "Enhance the discussion by explicitly acknowledging the need for longitudinal, real-world studies to validate whether consumers adopt targeted recommendations outside experimental settings.",
"explanation": "This clarifies the current evidence gap and emphasizes the importance of future validation, strengthening the research's practical impact."
},
{
"remarks": "The study does not sufficiently address barriers to real-world application, such as digital access and consumer diversity.",
"original_text": "Participants demonstrated a general willingness to engage with product swap recommendations.",
"improved_version": "Include a detailed analysis of potential barriers to sustained engagement, such as taste preferences, cultural factors, and economic constraints, to provide a more comprehensive understanding of real-world applicability.",
"explanation": "Addressing barriers enhances the relevance of findings for policy and practical implementation, making recommendations more actionable."
},
{
"remarks": "The scope of environmental impact is limited to GHGE, missing broader sustainability considerations.",
"original_text": "The study focused exclusively on GHGE, without incorporating other environmental considerations such as water use or biodiversity impact.",
"improved_version": "Expand the scope to include multiple environmental impact metrics, such as water footprint and biodiversity, to provide a holistic assessment of sustainability benefits.",
"explanation": "This broadens the significance of the findings, making them more compelling for policy and retail strategies aiming for comprehensive sustainability."
}
]
},
"R3": {
"section_name": "Ethics and Compliance",
"score": 4,
"summary": "The manuscript demonstrates strong ethical standards through institutional ethics approval, preregistration, and open data sharing. However, it lacks explicit detail on informed consent procedures, data anonymization, and alignment with international guidelines such as GDPR and the Declaration of Helsinki. Disclosure of funding sources and potential conflicts of interest could be improved for transparency. Clearer labeling and cautious interpretation of exploratory analyses would further strengthen research integrity.",
"suggestions": [
{
"remarks": "The study does not explicitly detail informed consent procedures or data privacy compliance.",
"original_text": "Participants were recruited via online panels managed by Prolific.",
"improved_version": "Participants were recruited through Prolific, with detailed information provided about data privacy, confidentiality, and voluntary participation, ensuring informed consent aligned with GDPR standards.",
"explanation": "Clarifying consent procedures and data privacy measures ensures ethical transparency and participant rights are protected."
},
{
"remarks": "Exploratory subgroup analyses are not clearly labeled, risking overstatement of findings.",
"original_text": "Post hoc analyses on subgroups were conducted, which are exploratory.",
"improved_version": "All analyses, including subgroup explorations, were transparently labeled as exploratory and interpreted cautiously, with plans for future preregistered confirmatory studies to validate these findings.",
"explanation": "Clarifying the exploratory nature preserves research integrity and prevents overinterpretation."
},
{
"remarks": "The manuscript does not explicitly state adherence to international ethical guidelines.",
"original_text": "The study was approved by the University of Zurich Ethics Commission.",
"improved_version": "The study received ethical approval from the University of Zurich Ethics Committee, which reviewed and confirmed compliance with international ethical standards such as the Declaration of Helsinki and GDPR for data privacy.",
"explanation": "Explicitly stating adherence to recognized ethical guidelines enhances transparency and demonstrates comprehensive ethical compliance."
}
]
},
"R4": {
"section_name": "Data and Code Availability",
"score": 4,
"summary": "The manuscript commendably provides open access to data and code via OSF, supporting transparency and reproducibility. However, the utility of these resources is diminished by a lack of detailed dataset descriptions, metadata, environment specifications, and comprehensive documentation (such as README files and usage instructions). Explicit statements on licensing, privacy protections, and versioning would further enhance the accessibility and trustworthiness of the shared materials.",
"suggestions": [
{
"remarks": "The data availability statement lacks detail on datasets, formats, and metadata.",
"original_text": "The data availability statement states that all data are publicly available on OSF with a DOI link.",
"improved_version": "Specify the exact datasets included, their formats (e.g., CSV, JSON), and any accompanying metadata or codebooks, e.g., 'All anonymized datasets, including raw survey responses, shopping basket data, and GHGE estimates, are available in CSV format with detailed metadata and codebooks on OSF at DOI: ...'.",
"explanation": "Providing detailed dataset descriptions facilitates understanding, reuse, and verification of data by other researchers."
},
{
"remarks": "The code availability statement does not specify programming language, dependencies, or usage instructions.",
"original_text": "All code used in the analyses are publicly available on the OSF project page.",
"improved_version": "Include specifics about the code, such as programming language (e.g., R, Python), dependencies, and instructions for execution, e.g., 'All analysis scripts in R, along with necessary dependencies and environment setup instructions, are available at DOI: ...'.",
"explanation": "Clear instructions and environment details improve reproducibility and ease of reuse for other researchers."
},
{
"remarks": "There is no mention of comprehensive documentation or README files accompanying the shared resources.",
"original_text": "There is no mention of documentation accompanying shared resources.",
"improved_version": "Add a comprehensive README file in the repository that explains the data structure, code organization, dependencies, and step-by-step instructions for reproducing analyses.",
"explanation": "Good documentation ensures that users can understand and correctly utilize the shared data and code, enhancing transparency."
}
]
},
"R5": {
"section_name": "Statistical Rigor",
"score": 3,
"summary": "The statistical analysis is generally appropriate but could be significantly strengthened. The use of linear regression for bounded percentage data may violate model assumptions, and there is a lack of explicit assumption checks, multiple comparison corrections, and comprehensive reporting of effect sizes and confidence intervals. Subgroup analyses lack power justification, and missing data and outlier handling are not described. Addressing these issues will improve the validity, reliability, and interpretability of the results.",
"suggestions": [
{
"remarks": "The primary analysis may be inappropriate for bounded data, risking invalid inference.",
"original_text": "The primary analysis employs multiple linear regression for the percentage GHGE reduction, which is bounded between 0 and 100%.",
"improved_version": "Use a beta regression model or a generalized linear model with appropriate link functions (e.g., logit or probit) for percentage data bounded between 0 and 1, to better respect the data\u2019s distribution and bounds.",
"explanation": "Beta regression is specifically designed for proportion data, providing more accurate estimates and valid inference when the outcome is bounded."
},
{
"remarks": "Regression assumptions are not checked or reported, undermining confidence in results.",
"original_text": "There is no explicit mention of assumption verification for the regression models.",
"improved_version": "Include diagnostic checks for regression assumptions, such as residual plots for homoscedasticity, normality tests (e.g., Shapiro-Wilk), and variance inflation factors (VIF) for multicollinearity, reporting these in supplementary materials.",
"explanation": "Verifying assumptions ensures the validity of regression inferences and helps identify model violations that require correction."
},
{
"remarks": "Multiple hypothesis testing is not corrected for, increasing risk of false positives.",
"original_text": "Multiple hypotheses are tested without mention of correction procedures.",
"improved_version": "Apply multiple comparison correction methods, such as Holm-Bonferroni or false discovery rate (FDR), and report adjusted p-values to control for Type I error inflation.",
"explanation": "Correcting for multiple testing maintains the overall alpha level and reduces false-positive findings."
}
]
},
"R6": {
"section_name": "Technical Accuracy",
"score": 3,
"summary": "The manuscript's technical approach is generally sound, but several areas require improvement for full transparency and reproducibility. The derivation of GHGE impacts lacks explicit formulas and detailed explanation, and the recommendation algorithm is described only at a high level. Key terms are inconsistently defined, and statistical model diagnostics are insufficiently reported. Providing detailed mathematical derivations, algorithm pseudocode, clear terminology, and comprehensive documentation would significantly enhance technical accuracy.",
"suggestions": [
{
"remarks": "The derivation of GHGE impact is not explicitly shown, limiting transparency.",
"original_text": "Greenhouse gas emissions data for products were adapted from [28], where they were estimated using a bottom-up life cycle assessment (LCA)...",
"improved_version": "Include explicit formulas or detailed steps of the LCA methodology used to derive GHGE estimates, possibly with a schematic or pseudocode, to enhance transparency.",
"explanation": "Providing explicit derivations or formulas clarifies the impact assessment process, allowing for verification and replication."
},
{
"remarks": "The product swap recommendation algorithm is described only at a high level, impeding reproducibility.",
"original_text": "The description of the product swap recommendation algorithm is high-level, with limited detail on how the most effective swap is identified.",
"improved_version": "Provide a step-by-step pseudocode or flowchart detailing how the most effective swap is selected based on GHGE impact, including any ranking or scoring criteria.",
"explanation": "Enhances reproducibility and allows others to assess the algorithm's correctness and efficiency."
},
{
"remarks": "Key terms are inconsistently defined, causing potential confusion.",
"original_text": "Terms like 'targeted recommendation' and 'GHGE reduction information' are used inconsistently.",
"improved_version": "Define key terms explicitly at their first mention, e.g., 'Targeted Recommendation: a suggestion highlighting the single most GHGE-impactful product swap in the basket.'",
"explanation": "Clear definitions improve terminological consistency and reader comprehension."
}
]
},
"R7": {
"section_name": "Consistency",
"score": 3,
"summary": "The manuscript is well-structured and presents a coherent narrative, but there are notable inconsistencies between hypotheses, results, and conclusions. The main findings do not fully align with the stated hypotheses, and the conclusions sometimes overstate the intervention's effectiveness. Terminology is used inconsistently, and figures/tables occasionally misrepresent statistical significance. Improving alignment between hypotheses and results, standardizing terminology, and ensuring accurate representation of findings will enhance clarity and interpretability.",
"suggestions": [
{
"remarks": "There is a mismatch between the hypotheses (focused on GHGE reduction) and the main results (which show null effects for GHGE reduction).",
"original_text": "The hypotheses (H1-H4) specify effects on GHGE reduction and swap choices, but the results show no significant effects of Targeted or Information treatments on overall GHGE reduction, while some effects are only significant in subgroup analyses.",
"improved_version": "While hypotheses H1-H4 anticipated effects on GHGE reduction and swap behaviors, the main results reveal no significant overall impact of Targeted or Information treatments on GHGE reduction. Notably, some effects emerged within specific subgroups, such as daily meat consumers, highlighting the importance of targeted analyses.",
"explanation": "Provides a clearer connection between hypotheses and results, acknowledging the subgroup effects as secondary findings rather than primary outcomes."
},
{
"remarks": "The discussion and conclusions overstate the intervention's impact relative to the null main findings.",
"original_text": "The discussion states that recommendations 'support' climate-friendly choices for most, despite main analysis showing no significant GHGE reduction.",
"improved_version": "The discussion should clarify that, although the overall GHGE reduction was not statistically significant, the intervention increased the likelihood of individual swaps and was well-received, suggesting potential for supporting climate-friendly choices in practice.",
"explanation": "Aligns conclusions with the primary null findings, emphasizing behavioral acceptance over aggregate impact."
},
{
"remarks": "Terminology is inconsistently used throughout the manuscript, leading to confusion.",
"original_text": "Inconsistent terminology such as 'targeted recommendations,' 'most effective swap,' and 'GHGE reduction information' sometimes used interchangeably.",
"improved_version": "Standardize terminology throughout the manuscript by consistently using 'targeted product swap recommendation,' 'most effective GHGE-reducing swap,' and 'GHGE impact information' to clearly distinguish between intervention components.",
"explanation": "Enhances clarity and reduces confusion by maintaining consistent language for key concepts."
}
]
}
},
"writing_results": {
"W1": {
"section_name": "Language and Style",
"score": 4,
"summary": "The manuscript demonstrates a generally strong command of academic language and style, with clear articulation of research aims and findings. The writing is formal and appropriate for a scholarly audience. However, there are recurring issues with verb tense consistency, sentence structure, and minor grammatical errors such as subject-verb agreement and article usage. Addressing these concerns\u2014particularly by standardizing verb tense, breaking up long sentences, and correcting minor grammatical and typographical errors\u2014will further enhance readability and professionalism. The manuscript\u2019s tone and vocabulary are well-suited to the target journal, and the overall style supports clear communication of complex ideas.",
"suggestions": [
{
"remarks": "Inconsistent verb tense usage in the abstract and results sections can confuse readers about the timeline of actions and findings.",
"original_text": "Participants demonstrated a general willingness to engage with product swap recommendations. The study aims to assess...",
"improved_version": "Participants demonstrated a general willingness to engage with product swap recommendations. The study aimed to assess...",
"explanation": "Maintaining past tense when describing completed research actions and findings ensures clarity and consistency throughout the manuscript."
},
{
"remarks": "Long, complex sentences in the methodology and introduction reduce readability and make it harder for readers to follow key points.",
"original_text": "The impact assessment for GHG emissions was derived from the Global Warming Potential (GWP) 100a [4], which takes into account all GHG emissions that contribute to climate change, and for a time horizon of 100 years, each greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide) is compared with the climate impact of carbon dioxide and expressed in carbon dioxide equivalents.",
"improved_version": "The impact assessment for GHG emissions was derived from the Global Warming Potential (GWP) 100a [4], which considers all GHG emissions contributing to climate change. For a 100-year time horizon, each greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide) is compared to the climate impact of carbon dioxide and expressed in carbon dioxide equivalents.",
"explanation": "Splitting lengthy sentences into shorter, focused statements improves readability and allows readers to process complex information more easily."
},
{
"remarks": "Minor typographical and grammatical errors, such as incorrect hyphenation and article usage, detract from professionalism.",
"original_text": "Participants were overall receptive to receiv-ing product swap recommendations.",
"improved_version": "Participants were generally receptive to receiving product swap recommendations.",
"explanation": "Correcting typographical errors and improving phrasing enhances clarity and aligns with academic writing standards."
}
]
},
"W2": {
"section_name": "Narrative and Structure",
"score": 3,
"summary": "The manuscript presents valuable findings and follows a logical structure, but the narrative coherence and flow could be improved. There are issues with abrupt transitions between sections, insufficient integration of hypotheses into the results and discussion, and dense presentation of statistical data without adequate interpretive commentary. Paragraph organization and topic sentence effectiveness are inconsistent, sometimes leading to dense blocks of information that hinder readability. Enhancing transitions, explicitly linking findings to hypotheses, and providing clearer topic sentences will improve the manuscript\u2019s narrative strength and reader engagement.",
"suggestions": [
{
"remarks": "Results are presented with detailed statistical data but lack clear narrative commentary that synthesizes findings in relation to hypotheses.",
"original_text": "The regression analysis did not reveal any statistically significant effects of the Targeted or Information treatments on GHGE reduction compared to the reference group.",
"improved_version": "While the overall GHGE reduction did not significantly differ across treatment conditions, the analysis revealed that the targeted intervention increased the likelihood of selecting the most effective swap, highlighting its potential for targeted impact.",
"explanation": "Rephrasing emphasizes nuanced findings and links results to implications, improving narrative flow and clarity."
},
{
"remarks": "Many paragraphs lack effective topic sentences, especially in the Results and Discussion sections, reducing the guiding structure of the narrative.",
"original_text": "Some paragraphs contain multiple ideas without clear topic sentences.",
"improved_version": "Each paragraph should begin with a clear topic sentence that summarizes its main idea, such as: 'The targeted intervention increased the likelihood of selecting the most effective product swap.'",
"explanation": "Effective topic sentences guide the reader through complex information, improving paragraph organization and readability."
},
{
"remarks": "The conclusion summarizes findings but does not explicitly tie back to the hypotheses or initial research questions, resulting in a less cohesive closure.",
"original_text": "The conclusion summarizes findings but does not explicitly tie back to the hypotheses or initial research questions.",
"improved_version": "The conclusion should explicitly revisit each hypothesis, summarizing whether it was supported, and discuss implications for future research and practice.",
"explanation": "Explicitly linking conclusions to original aims reinforces narrative cohesion and provides a satisfying closure."
}
]
},
"W3": {
"section_name": "Clarity and Conciseness",
"score": 3,
"summary": "The manuscript is generally clear and informative but is hampered by wordiness, long sentences, and technical jargon that may limit accessibility for non-expert readers. Redundancy in the presentation of statistical results and ambiguous statements in the discussion further reduce clarity. Simplifying language, breaking up long sentences and paragraphs, and providing brief definitions for technical terms will improve conciseness and make the research more approachable. Overall, the text would benefit from streamlining and a focus on direct, active phrasing.",
"suggestions": [
{
"remarks": "The abstract contains lengthy sentences and redundant phrases, making it harder to quickly grasp key findings.",
"original_text": "Participants on average reduced their basket GHGE by 25% and swapped 4 products, with almost 90% swapping at least one.",
"improved_version": "On average, participants reduced their basket's greenhouse gas emissions by 25% and swapped four products; nearly 90% swapped at least one.",
"explanation": "Breaking the sentence into clearer parts improves readability and conciseness."
},
{
"remarks": "Technical jargon in the methodology may not be immediately understandable to all readers.",
"original_text": "Terms like 'bottom-up life cycle assessment (LCA)', 'Global Warming Potential (GWP) 100a', and 'effect size (f2 = 0.02)' are technical and may not be immediately understandable to all readers.",
"improved_version": "Terms such as 'bottom-up life cycle assessment (LCA)' and 'Global Warming Potential over 100 years (GWP 100a)' are technical; consider providing brief definitions or simplifying their explanation.",
"explanation": "Providing definitions or simplifications enhances clarity for readers unfamiliar with technical jargon."
},
{
"remarks": "Some statements in the discussion are vague and could specify the nature of the effects more clearly.",
"original_text": "Targeted recommendations did not lead to stronger effects in this study on basket GHGE.",
"improved_version": "While targeted recommendations increased the likelihood of choosing the most effective swap, they did not significantly reduce overall basket GHGE.",
"explanation": "Clarifying the statement provides a more precise interpretation of the results."
}
]
},
"W4": {
"section_name": "Terminology Consistency",
"score": 3,
"summary": "The manuscript uses technical terminology relevant to the field but exhibits inconsistencies in acronym definitions, variable naming, and the use of key terms. Acronyms such as 'GHGE' are not always defined at first use, and terms like 'basket GHGE' and 'product swap recommendations' are used variably without clear standardization. Ensuring consistent definitions and usage of technical terms and acronyms throughout the manuscript will improve clarity and professionalism, making the work more accessible to readers.",
"suggestions": [
{
"remarks": "The acronym 'GHGE' is used extensively without a consistent initial definition.",
"original_text": "GHGE",
"improved_version": "Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHGE)",
"explanation": "Defining the acronym at first use ensures clarity and consistent understanding throughout the paper."
},
{
"remarks": "Variable naming is inconsistent, particularly with 'basket GHGE' and related terms.",
"original_text": "basket GHGE",
"improved_version": "initial basket GHGE",
"explanation": "Standardizing variable names improves clarity and helps readers distinguish between different measures."
},
{
"remarks": "Terms like 'product swap recommendations' and 'targeted swap' are used interchangeably or without clear definitions.",
"original_text": "targeted swap",
"improved_version": "most effective GHGE-reducing product swap",
"explanation": "Providing a full description at first mention clarifies the specific meaning and avoids ambiguity."
}
]
},
"W5": {
"section_name": "Inclusive Language",
"score": 3,
"summary": "The manuscript demonstrates a solid foundation but requires improvement in inclusivity and bias reduction. There are issues with gender neutrality, cultural sensitivity, disability inclusion, and geographic representation. For example, non-binary participants are excluded without acknowledgment, and the focus on German-speaking participants limits broader applicability. Addressing these issues by using inclusive language, acknowledging diversity, and transparently discussing sample limitations will enhance the manuscript\u2019s respectfulness, representativeness, and global relevance.",
"suggestions": [
{
"remarks": "Exclusion of non-binary participants without acknowledgment of gender diversity reduces inclusivity.",
"original_text": "We excluded non-binary participants (N = 12) due to their low representation in the sample.",
"improved_version": "We included participants of all gender identities in our recruitment process; however, due to low representation (N=12), non-binary participants were excluded from specific analyses to maintain statistical robustness, acknowledging the need for future research on gender diversity.",
"explanation": "Recognizes gender diversity and transparently discusses limitations, promoting respectful acknowledgment."
},
{
"remarks": "Focus on German-speaking participants and data limits cultural inclusivity and generalizability.",
"original_text": "A sample of German-speaking participants was recruited via online panels managed by Prolific.",
"improved_version": "A diverse sample of participants from various linguistic and cultural backgrounds was recruited via online panels managed by Prolific.",
"explanation": "Acknowledging diversity broadens the scope and emphasizes inclusivity beyond linguistic boundaries."
},
{
"remarks": "No mention of accommodations or considerations for participants with disabilities or accessibility needs.",
"original_text": "The initial survey finished with an attention check to ensure that participants understood there was a chance that they could receive the products they chose.",
"improved_version": "The initial survey included an attention check designed to ensure participants understood that they might receive the products they selected, accommodating diverse literacy and comprehension levels.",
"explanation": "Clarifies that the language is accessible and inclusive of participants with varying abilities."
}
]
},
"W6": {
"section_name": "Citation Formatting",
"score": 3,
"summary": "The manuscript contains numerous references, but citation formatting is inconsistent. Issues include mixed use of brackets and parentheses, inconsistent placement of citations, and variable presentation of author names and years. There is also a risk of mismatches between in-text citations and the reference list. Standardizing citation delimiters, ensuring proper placement, and verifying all cross-references will improve clarity, professionalism, and adherence to scholarly standards.",
"suggestions": [
{
"remarks": "Inconsistent use of citation delimiters (brackets vs. parentheses) reduces clarity and professionalism.",
"original_text": "adapted from [28]",
"improved_version": "adapted from (28)",
"explanation": "Switching to parentheses aligns with common citation styles and ensures consistency."
},
{
"remarks": "Citations are sometimes embedded within sentences without proper punctuation or are placed awkwardly.",
"original_text": "see [28]",
"improved_version": "see (28)",
"explanation": "Using parentheses and placing citations at the end of clauses improves readability and aligns with style guidelines."
},
{
"remarks": "Potential for mismatches or missing references between in-text citations and the reference list.",
"original_text": "Cross-reference accuracy is not verified; some in-text citations may not match reference list entries.",
"improved_version": "Cross-check all in-text citations against the reference list to ensure each number corresponds to the correct source, updating as necessary.",
"explanation": "Ensuring accurate cross-referencing maintains scholarly integrity and allows readers to verify sources reliably."
}
]
},
"W7": {
"section_name": "Target Audience Alignment",
"score": 3,
"summary": "The manuscript is generally well-aligned with an academic audience but could better engage a broader readership, including practitioners and policymakers. The methodology lacks explicit procedural details, and results are presented with limited interpretive commentary, which may hinder accessibility for non-specialists. The discussion and conclusion could provide deeper insights and more actionable recommendations for different stakeholder groups. Enhancing clarity, interpretive depth, and visual explanations will improve engagement and practical impact.",
"suggestions": [
{
"remarks": "Methodology description lacks explicit clarification on how experimental conditions were operationalized and how randomization was implemented.",
"original_text": "The methodology description, while detailed, lacks explicit clarification on how the experimental conditions were operationalized and how the randomization was implemented in practice, which could impact reproducibility and understanding.",
"improved_version": "Enhance the methodology section by explicitly detailing the randomization process, including how participants were allocated to each of the four conditions, and clarify how the experimental conditions were operationalized within the online platform to ensure reproducibility.",
"explanation": "Providing specific procedural details improves transparency, allowing readers to assess the study\u2019s rigor and replicate the design if desired."
},
{
"remarks": "Results are presented with statistical values but lack sufficient contextual interpretation for non-specialist readers.",
"original_text": "Results are presented with statistical values but lack sufficient contextual interpretation, making it difficult for non-specialist readers to grasp the practical significance of findings.",
"improved_version": "Complement the statistical results with plain-language summaries highlighting the practical implications, such as how a 25% GHGE reduction translates into real-world environmental benefits, to make findings accessible to a broader audience.",
"explanation": "Translating technical data into meaningful, relatable insights enhances audience engagement."
},
{
"remarks": "The conclusion provides a broad summary but lacks specific recommendations or future directions tailored to different stakeholder groups.",
"original_text": "The conclusion provides a broad summary but lacks specific recommendations or future directions tailored to different stakeholder groups, such as policymakers or retailers.",
"improved_version": "Refine the conclusion to include targeted recommendations for policymakers, retailers, and researchers, such as integrating simple swap prompts into online shopping platforms or exploring long-term behavioral impacts.",
"explanation": "Including actionable recommendations increases the practical impact and relevance for applied audiences."
}
]
}
}
}

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/Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 226
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/Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 2424
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/Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 2424
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/Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 2099
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/Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 2411
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/Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 2415
>>
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/Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 2126
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/Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 2230
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/Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 2301
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/Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 2195
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/Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 2461
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/Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 2499
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/Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 2280
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/Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 1719
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/Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 2212
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/Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Length 1785
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